| Req ID | Category | Intent | Legal Status | Name | Subdomain(s) | Context | Conditions | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #Q001 | administrative | operational | recommended | Implement Risk Management Approach | drinking water | All water utilities should implement a risk management approach, such as the source-to-tap or water safety plan approach, to ensure water safety. | high | |
| #Q002 | treatment | treatment | recommended | Characterize and Remove NOM | drinking water | The water system owner should strive at all times to appropriately characterize NOM and adequately remove it to achieve water quality goals. | high | |
| #Q003 | administrative | unknown | recommended | Contact Drinking Water Authority | drinking water | Water system owners should contact the appropriate drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction to confirm if specific requirements will apply to their source/system. | high | |
| #Q004 | design | treatment | recommended | Source-Specific Treatability Studies | drinking water | Source-specific treatability studies are recommended to determine the most effective treatment option(s) to adequately remove NOM and to meet water quality goals related to microbial risks, DBPs, biological stability and corrosion control. | high | |
| #Q005 | monitoring | treatment | recommended | Treatability Study Testing Methods | drinking water | The treatability study should include bench- and/or pilot-scale testing, as well as DBP formation potential tests that are representative of distribution system conditions. | high | |
| #Q006 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Monitor NOM Concentration and Character | drinking water | The concentration and character of NOM should be monitored in raw, treated and distribution system water to ensure that: treatment is optimized for NOM and turbidity removal; DBP, lead and copper concentrations are as low as reasonably achievable; and biofilm formation is minimized. | high | |
| #Q007 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Develop Source-Specific Monitoring Plan | drinking water | A source-specific monitoring plan should be developed to ensure that water utilities are aware of: raw water quality changes with respect to NOM concentration and character; the impact that NOM has on water treatment processes through all water quality conditions; the impact that treatment has on NOM concentration and character; and the impacts on distribution water quality. | high | |
| #Q008 | monitoring | reporting | recommended | Comprehensive Monitoring Plan Details | drinking water | The monitoring plan should be comprehensive and include source characterization, operational and compliance monitoring; it should also demonstrate that water quality goals are consistently met for microbial risks, DBPs, biological stability and corrosion control. | high | |
| #Q009 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Continuous Online Monitoring for Variable Sources | drinking water | Ideally, continuous online monitoring should be used for highly variable sources (i.e., those that fluctuate with precipitation/snowmelt events) and critical processes (e.g., coagulation). | For highly variable sources and critical processes. | high |
| #Q010 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Routine Source Water Assessments | drinking water | Source water assessments should be part of routine system assessments. | high | |
| #Q011 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Characterization of Surface and Subsurface Sources | drinking water | Surface and subsurface sources should be characterized with regard to NOM and inorganic compounds. | high | |
| #Q012 | operational | treatment | recommended | Treatment Determination Knowledge Requirements | drinking water | In order to determine the most appropriate treatment processes, water utilities should have knowledge about: the origin, occurrence and fluctuations in NOM; interactions between NOM and other water constituents (e.g., enhanced reactivity due to bromide); interactions with chemicals used during treatment...; interactions between NOM and unit processes...; and its impacts on distribution system water quality... | high | |
| #Q013 | monitoring | health | recommended | Regular Monitoring of Distribution System Water Quality | drinking water | Distribution system water quality should be regularly monitored, including DBPs and biological stability indicators (e.g., variability of disinfectant residual, biofilm formation rate, corrosion rate). | high | |
| #Q014 | operational | operational | recommended | Operations/Maintenance and Hygiene Practices | drinking water | Operations/maintenance programs should also be in place (e.g., water age control, water main cleaning, cross-connection control, asset management) and strict hygiene should be practiced during all water main construction (e.g., repair, maintenance, new installation) to ensure drinking water is transported to the consumer with minimal loss of quality. | high | |
| #Q015 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Routine Monitoring Methods and Parameters | drinking water | Water utilities should employ the most appropriate methods and parameters to routinely monitor raw, treated and distribution system water quality, establish baseline conditions and detect changes that require process modifications. | high | |
| #Q016 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Preparation of DOC Samples | drinking water | As the filter can leach some organic carbon to the sample, it is recommended that at least 50 mL of organic-free water be passed through the filter and filter assembly before filtering the DOC sample | high | |
| #Q017 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Filtration of UV Absorbance Samples | drinking water | Samples should be filtered to remove particle-related variations in UV absorbance | high | |
| #Q018 | monitoring | operational | mandatory | Filter Sample for Organic Colour Measurement | drinking water | The presence of suspended particles (e.g., clay, iron and manganese oxides) can give waters the appearance of colour and should be removed by filtering the sample through a 0.45 μm filter before measurement of NOM-related organic colour | high | |
| #Q019 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Measure Parameters Concurrently with DBP Samples | drinking water | It is recommended that parameters used to characterize NOM be measured in conjunction with DBP samples to estimate the specific DBP yield (e.g., μg DBP/mg DOC). | high | |
| #Q020 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Characterize Inorganic Compounds for DBP Reactivity | drinking water | Also, inorganic compounds that enhance the reactivity of NOM to form DBPs should be characterized (i.e., ammonia, bromide, iodide and sulphur). | high | |
| #Q021 | treatment | treatment | recommended | Source-Specific Treatability Study Method | drinking water | Source-specific treatability studies, including bench- and/or pilot-scale testing, should be conducted to determine the most suitable treatment alternatives for the full range of water quality conditions | high | |
| #Q022 | operational | operational | recommended | Integrate Climate Change Risks into Processes | drinking water | Water utilities should integrate risks related to changes in climate (e.g., algal blooms, drought, fire, flood) into the process to maximize the reliability, robustness and resilience of their systems | high | |
| #Q023 | treatment | treatment | recommended | Assess Pretreatment Requirements for NOM Removal | drinking water | Pretreatment requirements for NOM removal should be considered as part of a source-specific treatability study whenever the optimum MWCO for NOM removal (i.e., 0.2-0.3 kDa) is not used. | Whenever the optimum MWCO for NOM removal (i.e., 0.2-0.3 kDa) is not used. | high |
| #Q024 | treatment | treatment | recommended | Pilot Testing to Assess Fouling Potential | drinking water | Pilot testing is recommended to assess fouling potential and the need for pre-treatment | high | |
| #Q025 | operational | operational | recommended | Regular Backwashing and Periodic Chemical Cleaning | drinking water | A program of regular backwashing and periodic chemical cleaning, using proper foulant-based cleaning chemicals, should also be in place to remove accumulated foulants | high | |
| #Q026 | operational | treatment | mandatory | Strict pH Control for Optimum Coagulation | drinking water | Strict pH control is necessary for optimum coagulation; pH should be kept constant from coagulant addition to after filtration to effectively remove floc particles. | high | |
| #Q027 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Continuous Monitoring to Optimize Coagulant Dose | drinking water | Ideally, the raw water should be continuously monitored to optimize the coagulant dose | high | |
| #Q028 | operational | treatment | recommended | Jar Testing for Coagulant Selection | drinking water | Jar testing is recommended to optimize coagulant selection. | high | |
| #Q029 | operational | treatment | recommended | Jar Testing for PAC Optimization | drinking water | Jar testing is recommended to optimize the PAC type, dose and contact time. | high | |
| #Q030 | operational | treatment | recommended | Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests for Alternative GACs | drinking water | Rapid small-scale column tests should be conducted to compare the performance of alternative GACs, particularly for low SUVA sources | high | |
| #Q031 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Quarterly Monitoring of Raw Water Bromide | drinking water | Quarterly monitoring of raw water bromide is recommended to characterize the source water and allow correlation to bromate (and brominated DBPs). | high | |
| #Q032 | monitoring | operational | mandatory | Collect Water Quality Information for Optimization | drinking water | Water system owners should collect water quality information to optimize their water treatment processes, meet regulatory requirements related to DBPs, lead and copper, as well as minimize biofilm formation. | high | |
| #Q033 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Raw Water Monitoring Implementation | drinking water | Raw water monitoring should be conducted to characterize the source and better understand the conditions that lead to changes in the concentrations and/or character of NOM... and the factors that enhance the reactivity of NOM to form DBPs... | high | |
| #Q034 | operational | operational | recommended | Analyze Collected Data | drinking water | Once data is collected, it should be analyzed to assess the following... if, and how, source water quality is changing... if a correlation exists... how NOM is impacting... how treatment is impacting... distribution system impacts... biological stability... and if a correlation exists between treated water NOM surrogates and distribution system water quality | high | |
| #Q035 | operational | operational | recommended | Implement Continuous Improvement Process | drinking water | A continuous improvement process should be in place to ensure water treatment is optimized to achieve water quality goals and maximize public health protection for the full range of water quality conditions. | high | |
| #Q036 | treatment | treatment | recommended | Treat Reactive Sources to Stringent Requirements | drinking water | For more reactive sources and extensive distribution systems, water should be treated to more stringent requirements, as there is a greater potential for DBP formation. | For more reactive sources and extensive distribution systems. | high |
| #Q037 | design | operational | mandatory | Pre-Design Monitoring Requirement | drinking water | Source-specific monitoring prior to facility design is necessary to assess seasonal variations in NOM and forecast extreme conditions due to changes in climate. | Prior to facility design | high |
| #Q038 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Source Water Assessment Requirements | drinking water | They should include an understanding of NOM sources in the watershed/aquifer, the conditions that lead to changes in the concentration and/or character of NOM (e.g., precipitation/snowmelt events, algal blooms, drought, fire), and the factors that enhance the reactivity of NOM to form DBPs (e.g., reaction conditions, water age, and inorganic compounds such as ammonia, bromide, iodide, and sulphur). | As part of routine source water assessments | high |
| #Q039 | design | treatment | recommended | Treatment Selection Considerations | drinking water | The appropriate type and level of treatment should take into account source-specific fluctuations in water quality, including seasonal and/or short-term degradation, variability in treatment performance and distribution system conditions. | high | |
| #Q040 | operational | operational | recommended | Membrane Interaction Knowledge | drinking water | Water utilities should have a good understanding of how the NOM in their source water will interact with membranes to avoid configurations that incur significant fouling. | For utilities utilizing membrane treatment | high |
| #Q041 | operational | treatment | recommended | Ion Exchange Efficacy Awareness | drinking water | Water utilities that use ion exchange for the removal of other anions (e.g., arsenic, chromium, nitrate, uranium) should be aware that NOM competes for ion exchange sites and can decrease process efficacy. | When using ion exchange for non-NOM anion removal | high |
| #Q042 | operational | treatment | recommended | Activated Carbon Process Efficacy | drinking water | Water utilities that use activated carbon for the removal of pesticides or other trace contaminants should be aware that NOM competes for adsorption sites and can decrease process efficacy. | When using GAC/PAC for pesticide or contaminant removal | high |
| #Q043 | operational | treatment | recommended | Ozone Residual Quenching Requirement | drinking water | The ozone residual should also be quenched before it reaches the schmutzdecke; otherwise the biomass becomes inactive, and biologically unstable water will be produced. | When using ozone with slow sand filtration | high |
| #Q044 | monitoring | operational | mandatory | SUVA Sampling Site Selection | drinking water | it is important to select appropriate sampling sites when measuring UV absorbance to calculate SUVA. | When using oxidation processes | high |
| #Q045 | monitoring | reporting | guidance | Reduced Monitoring Option | drinking water | Systems that exhibit low DBP concentrations, have stable biological water quality (e.g., biostability) and baseline data indicating that NOM does not influence corrosion may consider reduced monitoring. | Exhibit low DBP concentrations, stable biological water quality, and baseline data indicating NOM does not influence corrosion | high |
| #Q046 | operational | health | recommended | Conjunctive DBP Management | drinking water | Thus, THMs and HAAs should be managed conjunctively. | high | |
| #Q047 | treatment | health | recommended | SSF Effluent Bacteria Removal | drinking water | The filtered effluent may also contain high concentrations of heterotrophic bacteria that should be removed/inactivated. | When using slow sand filtration | high |
| #Q048 | operational | health | recommended | Secondary Disinfectant Capability Awareness | drinking water | Water utilities should be aware that, when applied as secondary disinfectants, free chlorine and chloramines possess different capabilities in terms of disinfectant power, reactivity with organic and inorganic material, biofilm penetration, potential for DBP formation and potential for nitrification. | high | |
| #Q049 | operational | operational | recommended | Oxidant-BOM Awareness | drinking water | Water utilities should be aware that all oxidants, including chlorine, produce biodegradable products upon reaction with NOM. | high | |
| #Q050 | administrative | operational | mandatory | Operator Training Requirement | drinking water | Operator training is also required to ensure the effectiveness of the water safety plan at all times. | high | |
| #Q051 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Source-Specific NOM Correlations | drinking water | It is important that correlations be developed on a source-specific basis, because the relationship between NOM and UV absorbance is unique to each source. | high | |
| #Q052 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency for Variable Sources | drinking water | Highly variable water sources and critical processes should therefore be monitored on a more frequent basis. | For highly variable water sources and critical processes | high |
| #Q053 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Ozone Source Characterization Parameters | drinking water | Water utilities using ozone should characterize their source water to assess water quality parameters (i.e., bromide, temperature, pH, alkalinity, NOM, ammonia) and how these change on a seasonal basis. | When using ozone treatment | high |
| #Q054 | operational | operational | recommended | Treated Water SUVA Calculation Method | drinking water | To calculate the treated water SUVA, UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) should be measured in filtered water pre-disinfectant addition and divided by the treated water DOC, then multiplied by 100. | high | |
| #Q055 | design | treatment | recommended | Membrane Pretreatment Customization | drinking water | Pretreatment should be customized to each individual source, as effectiveness is source-specific | For membrane treatment systems | high |
| #Q056 | design | treatment | recommended | Treatability Study Design Criteria | drinking water | To ensure that an effective NOM control strategy is implemented, the treatability study should be specifically designed to: 1) assess seasonal variations in NOM; and 2) be representative of distribution system conditions. | When conducting a treatability study | high |
| #Q057 | prohibition | health | mandatory | Priority of Disinfection Efficacy | drinking water | It is critical that efforts made to minimize DBP formation not compromise the effectiveness of disinfection. | When implementing DBP minimization strategies | high |
| #Q058 | operational | operational | recommended | Ion Exchange Residuals Management | drinking water | The handling and disposal of residuals generated by ion exchange processes should also be considered. | When utilizing ion exchange processes | high |
| #Q059 | administrative | operational | recommended | Operator Understanding of NOM Removal Mechanisms | drinking water | It is important that water treatment operators understand the NOM removal mechanisms, since changes in treatment practices can significantly impact water quality. | high | |
| #Q060 | operational | treatment | recommended | Utility Knowledge of NOM Reactivity | drinking water | It is important that water utilities understand the source-specific reactivity of NOM when selecting a disinfectant, in order to mitigate the formation of potentially harmful DBPs. | When selecting a disinfectant for DBP mitigation | high |
| #Q061 | monitoring | treatment | mandatory | Monitor pH and Alkalinity for Coagulation | drinking water | Strict pH control is critical for NOM removal. As alkalinity affects pH control, pH and alkalinity are other important coagulation process monitoring parameters. | During the coagulation process for NOM removal | high |
| #Q062 | operational | health | mandatory | Maintain Distribution System Integrity | drinking water | Maintaining the physical/hydraulic integrity of the distribution system and minimizing negative- or low-pressure events are other key components of a source-to-tap or water safety plan approach. | As part of a source-to-tap or water safety plan approach | high |
| #Q063 | operational | operational | recommended | Awareness of Oxidant Effect on SUVA | drinking water | Water utilities should also be aware that all oxidants reduce UV absorbance, which affects SUVA without an associated reduction in NOM concentration. | When using chemical oxidants (e.g., chlorine, ozone) | high |
| #Q064 | treatment | treatment | guidance | Stabilize Treated Water with Biological Filtration | drinking water | As a result, biologically active filtration may be necessary to stabilize treated water | When using oxidants (like chlorine or ozone) that produce biodegradable products (BOM) upon reaction with NOM | high |
| Req ID | Category | Intent | Legal Status | Name | Subdomain(s) | Limit Type | Limit Value | Context | Conditions | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #P001 | physical | treatment | guidance | Organic colour | drinking water | treatment_goal | 5-10 TCU | Suggested treated water quality targets. These are suggested as guidance only. | Source with high specific DBP yield or extensive distribution system | high |
| #P002 | physical | treatment | guidance | Organic colour | drinking water | treatment_goal | < 15 TCU | Suggested treated water quality targets. These are suggested as guidance only. | Source with low specific DBP yield | high |
| #P003 | physical | treatment | guidance | UV absorbance (at 254 nm) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 0.02-0.04 cm-1 | Suggested treated water quality targets. | Source with high specific DBP yield or extensive distribution system | high |
| #P004 | physical | treatment | guidance | UV absorbance (at 254 nm) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 0.02-0.07 cm-1 | Suggested treated water quality targets. | Source with low specific DBP yield | high |
| #P005 | physical | treatment | guidance | UV transmittance | drinking water | treatment_goal | 90-95 Percent | Suggested treated water quality targets. | Source with high specific DBP yield or extensive distribution system | high |
| #P006 | physical | treatment | guidance | UV transmittance | drinking water | treatment_goal | 85-95 Percent | Suggested treated water quality targets. | Source with low specific DBP yield | high |
| #P007 | chemical | treatment | guidance | Chemical oxygen demand (COD) | drinking water | treatment_goal | < 5 mg/L O2 | Suggested treated water quality targets. | Applicable regardless of specific DBP yield | high |
| #P008 | chemical | treatment | guidance | DOC-for DBP control | drinking water | treatment_goal | < 2 mg/L C | Suggested treated water quality targets for DBP control. | Source with high specific DBP yield or extensive distribution system | high |
| #P009 | chemical | treatment | guidance | DOC-for DBP control | drinking water | treatment_goal | < 4 mg/L C | Suggested treated water quality targets for DBP control. | Source with low specific DBP yield | high |
| #P010 | chemical | treatment | guidance | DOC-for biological stability | drinking water | treatment_goal | < 1.8 mg/L C | Suggested treated water quality targets for biological stability. | Applicable regardless of specific DBP yield | high |
| #P011 | chemical | operational | unknown | Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 10 μg/L | Dutch approach to safe drinking water includes targets to control microbial activity. | In distributed water in the absence of a disinfectant residual | medium |
| #P012 | chemical | treatment | mandatory | Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Treatment Trigger | drinking water | requirement | > 2 mg/L | US EPA requirement for surface water facilities using conventional or lime softening. | TOC levels in source water above this value | high |
| #P013 | chemical | treatment | guideline | Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Guideline | drinking water | requirement | 2 mg/L | French regulations for treated water intended for human consumption. | high | |
| #P014 | chemical | treatment | guideline | Oxidizability (Chemical Oxygen Demand) | drinking water | requirement | 5 mg/L O2 | French regulations for treated water intended for human consumption. | high | |
| #P015 | chemical | treatment | guideline | Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) / Oxidizability | drinking water | requirement | 5 mg/L O2 | European Union drinking water regulations parametric guideline value. | high | |
| #P016 | design | treatment | guidance | Optimum Molecular Weight Cutoff (MWCO) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 0.2-0.3 kDa | Optimal range for NOM and DBP precursor removal by membranes. | high | |
| #P017 | operational | reporting | mandatory | Water Supply Volume Monitoring Threshold | drinking water | requirement | >= 10000 m3/d | EU regulations requirement for TOC as a general water quality indicator. | Applies to supplies meeting this volume threshold | high |
| #P018 | operational | treatment | guidance | DOC Definition Filtration Pore Size | drinking water | requirement | 0.45 μm | Operational definition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). | high | |
| #P019 | operational | treatment | recommended | Filter Assembly Flush Volume | drinking water | requirement | 50 mL | Volume of organic-free water to pass through filter to prevent carbon leaching. | high | |
| #P020 | microbiological | health | guidance | AOC target for Legionella pneumophila control | drinking water | treatment_goal | < 5 μg/L | Gene copies of L. pneumophila were not observed in systems with AOC levels below this threshold. | Unchlorinated distributed water | high |
| #P021 | chemical | treatment | guidance | Potential TOC removal (High SUVA) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 60-80 % | Relationship between SUVA and potential TOC removal. | SUVA > 4 L/mg·m (Mostly hydrophobic and high molecular weight compounds) | high |
| #P022 | chemical | treatment | guidance | Potential TOC removal (Medium SUVA) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 40-60 % | Relationship between SUVA and potential TOC removal. | SUVA 2-4 L/mg·m (Mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds) | high |
| #P023 | chemical | treatment | guidance | Potential TOC removal (Low SUVA) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 0-40 % | Relationship between SUVA and potential TOC removal. | SUVA < 2 L/mg·m (Mostly hydrophilic and low molecular weight compounds) | high |
| #P024 | operational | treatment | unknown | GAC reactivation frequency | drinking water | requirement | 120 days | Reported reactivation frequency for community water systems using GAC for TOC control. | Systems with TOC of < 6 mg/L using an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 10 min | high |
| #P025 | physical | treatment | unknown | Biopolymer concentration fouling threshold | drinking water | requirement | 0.1 mg/L | Concentration threshold at which biopolymers cause membrane fouling. | Drinking water treatment using low-pressure membranes | high |
| #P026 | physical | treatment | guidance | UV-absorbing particle size threshold | drinking water | requirement | >= 25 µm | Threshold for 'large' particles (e.g., NOM) that can shield pathogens from UV light. | UV disinfection of drinking water | high |
| #P027 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Organic colour (Variable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Daily frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for variable sources. | Variable source | high |
| #P028 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Organic colour (Stable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Weekly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for stable sources. | Stable source | high |
| #P029 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - UV absorbance/transmittance (Variable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Daily frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for variable sources. | Variable source | high |
| #P030 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - UV absorbance/transmittance (Stable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Weekly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for stable sources. | Stable source | high |
| #P031 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Organic Carbon (DOC or TOC) (Variable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Weekly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for variable sources. | Variable source | high |
| #P032 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Organic Carbon (DOC or TOC) (Stable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Monthly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for stable sources. | Stable source | high |
| #P033 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Disinfection by-products (DBPs) | drinking water | requirement | Quarterly frequency | Measure DOC and inorganic compounds on same day to calculate specific DBP yields. | Distribution system | high |
| #P034 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Disinfectant residual | drinking water | requirement | Weekly frequency | Biological stability monitoring in the distribution system. | Distribution system | high |
| #P035 | physical | treatment | guidance | UV dose reduction per UVT decrease | drinking water | unknown | 50 % | For every 10% decrease in UV transmittance. | UV disinfection of drinking water | high |
| #P036 | chemical | operational | recommended | Rapid disinfectant decay threshold | drinking water | unknown | >= 2 mg/L | DOC concentration at which disinfectant (chlorine, chlorine dioxide) concentration decays rapidly. | DOC concentrations >= 2 mg/L | high |
| #P037 | chemical | health | guidance | Soluble lead increase sensitivity range | drinking water | unknown | 0-3.5 mg/L | DOC range where the sharpest increases in soluble lead concentrations were observed. | high | |
| #P038 | chemical | health | guidance | Copper release increase sensitivity range | drinking water | unknown | 0.1-0.2 mg/L | DOC concentrations at which NOM has been observed to increase copper release. | high | |
| #P039 | design | treatment | unknown | GAC Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) | drinking water | requirement | 10 min | Design parameter for GAC systems associated with a 120-day reactivation frequency. | Systems with TOC < 6 mg/L | high |
| #P040 | physical | treatment | guidance | Chlorine efficacy interference threshold | drinking water | unknown | 1 NTU | Level of organic turbidity (generated by 2 mg/L humic acids) that interfered with chlorine efficacy. | Water disinfection with chlorine | high |
| #P041 | physical | treatment | guidance | UV disinfection turbidity limit | drinking water | requirement | <= 10 NTU | UV dose-response of microorganisms is not affected by variations in turbidity up to this level. | high | |
| #P042 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - COD (Variable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Daily frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for variable sources. | Variable source | high |
| #P043 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - COD (Stable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Weekly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for stable sources. | Stable source | high |
| #P044 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - SUVA (Variable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Weekly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for variable sources. | Variable source | high |
| #P045 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - SUVA (Stable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Monthly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for stable sources. | Stable source | high |
| #P046 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Inorganic DBP precursors (Ammonia, Bromide, Iodide, Sulphur) | drinking water | requirement | Quarterly frequency | Quarterly frequency for both variable and stable sources. | high | |
| #P047 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Coagulant demand | drinking water | requirement | Daily frequency | Applicable to coagulation process for both variable and stable sources. | high | |
| #P048 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Zeta potential / streaming current | drinking water | requirement | Online frequency | When NOM controls or influences coagulant dose. | high | |
| #P049 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Biofilm formation rate (Variable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Every two weeks frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for variable sources. | Variable source | high |
| #P050 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Biofilm formation rate (Stable Source) | drinking water | requirement | Monthly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for stable sources. | Stable source | high |
| #P051 | operational | operational | recommended | Monitoring Frequency - Corrosion rate | drinking water | requirement | Monthly frequency | Suggested monitoring frequency for both source types. | high | |
| #P052 | microbiological | treatment | guidance | Pathogen log removal deterioration (suboptimal coagulation) | drinking water | requirement | 2.0-3.4 logs | Reported level of deterioration in Cryptosporidium removal by clarification/filtration during suboptimal conditions. | high |
| Req ID | Category | Name | Context | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #D001 | Natural organic matter (NOM) | Natural organic matter (NOM) is an extremely complex mixture of organic compounds varying in polarity, acidity, charge density, and molecular mass; NOM can also range from biodegradable (i.e., labile or semi-labile) to less biodegradable (i.e., recalcitrant or refractory). | high | |
| #D002 | Biological stability | The biological stability of drinking water refers to the concept of maintaining microbiological water quality from the point of production to the point of consumption | high | |
| #D003 | Corrosion | Corrosion is the deterioration of a material that results from a reaction with its environment. | high | |
| #D004 | DOC | DOC is operationally defined as the organic carbon that has passed through a 0.45 μm filter | high | |
| #D005 | true colour | a filtered sample is operationally defined as "true colour" | high | |
| #D006 | BDOC | BDOC refers to the portion of DOC available to be utilized by heterotrophic bacteria | high | |
| #D007 | AOC | AOC represents the most readily degradable portion of the BDOC that can be taken up by bacteria and converted into organic biomass | high | |
| #D008 | ACU | apparent colour units | high | |
| #D009 | AOC | assimilable organic carbon | high | |
| #D010 | ATP | adenosine triphosphate | high | |
| #D011 | BDOC | biodegradable organic carbon | high | |
| #D012 | BOM | biodegradable organic matter | high | |
| #D013 | COD | chemical oxygen demand | high | |
| #D014 | CU | colour units | high | |
| #D015 | DAF | dissolved air flotation | high | |
| #D016 | DCAA | dichloroacetic acid | high | |
| #D017 | DBP | disinfection by-product | high | |
| #D018 | DOC | dissolved organic carbon | high | |
| #D019 | EPA | Environmental Protection Agency (United States) | high | |
| #D020 | EU | European Union | high | |
| #D021 | GAC | granular activated carbon | high | |
| #D022 | GLUMRB | Great Lakes - Upper Mississippi River Board | high | |
| #D023 | H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide | high | |
| #D024 | HAA | haloacetic acid | high | |
| #D025 | HAA5 | haloacetic acid 5 | high | |
| #D026 | LC-OCD | liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection | high | |
| #D027 | LC-OND | liquid chromatography-organic nitrogen detection | high | |
| #D028 | MDL | method detection limit | high | |
| #D029 | MF | microfiltration | high | |
| #D030 | MWCO | molecular weight and cutoff | high | |
| #D031 | N-DBPs | nitrogenous-DBPs | high | |
| #D032 | NF | nanofiltration | high | |
| #D033 | NOM | natural organic matter | high | |
| #D034 | NTU | nephelometric turbidity unit | high | |
| #D035 | OPPP | opportunistic premise plumbing pathogen | high | |
| #D036 | PAC | powdered activated carbon | high | |
| #D037 | peCOD | photoelectrochemical oxygen demand | high | |
| #D038 | POC | particulate organic carbon | high | |
| #D039 | RBF | riverbank filtration | high | |
| #D040 | RO | reverse osmosis | high | |
| #D041 | SSF | slow sand filtration | high | |
| #D042 | SUVA | specific UV absorbance | high | |
| #D043 | THM | trihalomethane | high | |
| #D044 | TCAA | trichloroacetic acid | high | |
| #D045 | TCU | true colour units | high | |
| #D046 | TOC | total organic carbon | high | |
| #D047 | UF | ultrafiltration | high | |
| #D048 | UV | ultraviolet | high | |
| #D049 | UV254 | ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm wavelength | high | |
| #D050 | WHO | World Health Organization | high | |
| #D051 | Allochthonous | derived from the terrestrial ecosystem | high | |
| #D052 | Autochthonous | derived from the plants and microorganisms growing in the water body | high | |
| #D053 | TOC | TOC quantifies all organic carbon in a water sample and is the sum of particulate and dissolved organic carbon. | high | |
| #D054 | UV transmittance | UV transmittance is a relative measure of how much light passes through a water sample (at a wavelength of 254 nm typically through a 1 cm path length) compared with how much light passes through pure deionized water | high | |
| #D055 | Riverbank filtration (RBF) | Riverbank filtration (RBF) involves locating vertical or horizontal water supply wells near a river to use the riverbank and adjacent aquifer as a natural filter to remove contaminants, including BOM. | high | |
| #D056 | Slow sand filtration (SSF) | Slow sand filtration (SSF) generally consists of untreated water flowing by gravity at a slow rate through a bed of submerged porous sand. | high | |
| #D057 | schmutzdecke | the layer of solids and biological growth that forms on top of a slow sand filter. | high | |
| #D058 | Apparent colour | Apparent colour applies to unfiltered samples and is a useful measure to assess the presence of iron and manganese oxides in the distribution system | high | |
| #D059 | Engineered biological filtration | Engineered biological filtration involves the use of granular media filters (i.e., anthracite/sand or GAC) without the maintenance of a disinfectant residual across the bed. | high | |
| #D060 | Ion exchange | Ion exchange is a process in which ions from the raw water are exchanged with ions within the solid phase of a resin. | high | |
| #D061 | Activated carbon | Activated carbon is an absorbent material that provides a surface on which ions or molecules in the raw water can concentrate. | high | |
| #D062 | Jar testing | Jar testing is one of the most commonly used techniques to simulate coagulation treatment and to determine the coagulation potential for a water source | high | |
| #D063 | Guidance documents | Guidance documents are developed to provide operational or management guidance related to specific drinking water-related issues (e.g., boil water advisories), to make health risk assessment information available when a guideline is not deemed necessary. | high | |
| #D064 | Guidelines | Guidelines are established under the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality specifically for contaminants that meet all of the following criteria: 1. exposure to the contaminant could lead to adverse health effects; 2. the contaminant is frequently detected or could be expected to be found in a large number of drinking water supplies throughout Canada; and 3. the contaminant is detected, or could be expected to be detected, at a level that is of possible health significance. | high | |
| #D065 | Low-pressure membranes | MF and UF are referred to as low-pressure membranes and are used for particle/pathogen removal. The predominant removal mechanism is straining or size exclusion. | high | |
| #D066 | High-pressure membranes | NF and RO are referred to as high-pressure membranes and are used for the removal of NOM and inorganics (e.g., sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium). The predominant removal mechanism is differences in solubility or diffusivity. | high | |
| #D067 | Specific DBP yield | μg DBP/mg DOC | high | |
| #D068 | ozone-BAC | when biologically active carbon (BAC) filters are used after ozonation, the process is referred to as ozone-BAC. | high | |
| #D069 | Specific colour | true colour divided by mg/L DOC | high | |
| #D070 | Sweep coagulation | adsorption onto aluminum or ferric hydroxide floc | high | |
| #D071 | transphilic NOM | Hydrophilic acids | high | |
| #D072 | specific dose or demand | mg/L per mg/L DOC | high | |
| #D073 | Recalcitrant | not easily biodegraded | medium | |
| #D074 | amphipathic | Some compounds can exhibit both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties (i.e., amphipathic) | high | |
| #D075 | amphoteric | possess both negative- and positive-charged functional groups (i.e., amphoteric) | high | |
| #D076 | biopolymers | hydrophilic neutral fraction of NOM, comprising polysaccharides and proteins in macromolecular and/or colloidal form (i.e., biopolymers) | high | |
| #D077 | Coagulation | The goal of coagulation is to destabilize (i.e., neutralize the charge of) colloidal particles (including pathogens) so that they effectively aggregate during flocculation and are subsequently removed by clarification and/or filtration. | high | |
| #D078 | Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) | UV254 divided by the mg/L of DOC | high | |
| #D079 | Heterotrophic organisms | Heterotrophic organisms make up the majority of bacteria in drinking water and draw their energy for growth, multiplication and production of biofilm matrix materials from the degradation of organic carbon compounds | high |