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Document ID ca-gcdwqgtd-2021-01-13 Title Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Cyanobacterial Toxins URL https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-guideline-technical-document-cyanobacterial-toxins-document.html Jurisdiction /ca Subdomain(s) Drinking water Language en Status completed Analyzed at 2026-03-18 13:27:29.904742+00:00 Relevance Defines drinking water quality guidelines and treatment for cyanotoxins.

77 Qualitative 60 Quantitative 135 Definitions

Q Qualitative Requirements (77)

Req ID	Category	Intent	Legal Status	Name	Subdomain(s)	Context	Conditions	Confidence
#Q001	reporting	health	recommended	Infant Formula Precautionary Notification	drinking water	Consequently, as a precautionary measure during a bloom event, when levels of total microcystins in treated water are detected above a reference value of 0.0004 mg/L (0.4 µg/L), drinking water authorities should inform the public in the affected area that an alternate suitable source of drinking water (such as bottled water) should be used to reconstitute infant formula.	During a bloom event, when levels of total microcystins in treated water are detected above a reference value of 0.0004 mg/L	high
#Q002	monitoring	treatment	recommended	Variant Analysis Requirement	drinking water	Analysis should be conducted for all of the measurable microcystin variants that are both dissolved in the water and bound within the cyanobacterial cells using a laboratory validated method.		high
#Q003	treatment	treatment	recommended	Intracellular and Dissolved Microcystins Treatment	drinking water	Similarly, water should be treated to remove both intracellular (cell-bound) and dissolved microcystins.		high
#Q004	administrative	operational	recommended	Monitoring and Response Strategy	drinking water	Responsible authorities and water supply managers should develop an appropriate monitoring, assessment and response strategy for their systems.		high
#Q005	monitoring	health	recommended	Routine Monitoring of Susceptible Supplies	drinking water	Drinking water supplies known or suspected to be susceptible to blooms should be monitored routinely for the presence of cyanobacteria.	When supplies are known or suspected to be susceptible to blooms	high
#Q006	monitoring	operational	recommended	Visual Monitoring During Peak Season	drinking water	Water bodies that have exhibited blooms should be visually monitored during the peak season (usually late May to early October, but this may deviate depending on local conditions).	During peak season	high
#Q007	monitoring	health	recommended	Sampling Upon Bloom Detection	drinking water	Samples should be collected for analysis if a bloom is detected or suspected by visual inspection, and may also be collected as part of routine surveillance.	If a bloom is detected or suspected by visual inspection	high
#Q008	monitoring	operational	recommended	Sampling During and After Collapse	drinking water	It is recommended that authorities analyze samples during, and after the collapse of the bloom to better characterize the extent of the risk posed by the cyanobacteria (see Appendix B).	During and after the collapse of a bloom	high
#Q009	monitoring	operational	recommended	Sampling Location for Source Water Blooms	drinking water	In the source water, if a bloom develops, it should be sampled to establish the extent of its spread and the variability in the population. Sampling from a water body should be done as close to the inlet/shore and/or the bloom formation as possible.	If a bloom develops in the source water	high
#Q010	monitoring	treatment	recommended	Raw Water Sampling at Intake	drinking water	Raw water samples should be collected at the intake to the treatment plant prior to any pretreatment, including prechlorination or filtration to determine the concentration of microcystins entering the treatment plant.		high
#Q011	monitoring	treatment	recommended	Treated Water Sampling Location	drinking water	Treated samples should be taken at the treated water tap of the treatment plant after the final treatment step.		high
#Q012	monitoring	health	recommended	Toxin Analysis Condition	drinking water	Toxin analysis should be performed on the raw and treated water supply if the responsible authority determines that the drinking water intake is vulnerable to contamination by a cyanobacterial bloom.	If the responsible authority determines that the drinking water intake is vulnerable to contamination by a cyanobacterial bloom	high
#Q013	administrative	reporting	recommended	Confirming Lab Methodology for Total Microcystins	drinking water	Utilities should confirm the sample processing and analytical methods used by the laboratory to ensure that total microcystins (as defined above) are being measured.		high
#Q014	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Physicochemical Method Recommendation for Detected Microcystins	drinking water	It is recommended that when microcystins are detected in source or drinking water using ELISA or PPIA, a portion of subsequent samples should be analyzed using a physico-chemical method (i.e., LC-MS/MS) so that the predominant variants in a bloom can be identified and quantified and potential low level microcystin concentrations can be measured.	When microcystins are detected in source or drinking water using ELISA or PPIA	high
#Q015	reporting	health	recommended	Notification of Communities for MAC Exceedance	drinking water	If results for treated water exceed the MAC, the sampling authority should follow standard protocol for notifying communities and other appropriate authorities and agencies.	If results for treated water exceed the MAC	high
#Q016	reporting	health	recommended	Notification of Dialysis Providers	drinking water	Dialysis treatment providers at all levels (e.g., large facilities/hospitals, small community facilities, mobile units, providers for independent/home dialysis) should also be notified, especially if it is a first-time occurrence for blooms on this supply.	If results for treated water exceed the MAC	high
#Q017	prohibition	health	mandatory	Prohibition of Contaminated Water for Dialysis	drinking water	Dialysis with water contaminated with cyanobacterial toxins presents severe health risks and must be avoided.	When water is contaminated with cyanobacterial toxins	high
#Q018	reporting	health	recommended	Do Not Consume Advisory for Small Systems	drinking water	For small systems that lack the necessary knowledge or treatment capabilities, the use of a do not consume advisory should be considered.	For small systems that lack necessary knowledge or treatment capabilities	high
#Q019	corrective_action	operational	recommended	Actions for Treated Water MAC Exceedance	drinking water	If results for treated water exceed the MAC, the responsible authorities should consider the following actions: resample the treated water supply (confirmation sample) and perform additional toxin analysis; initiate risk assessment consultation and decision-making; and review possible treatment adjustments and strategy for continued monitoring of the treated water supply.	If results for treated water exceed the MAC	high
#Q020	corrective_action	health	recommended	Actions for Confirmation Sample MAC Exceedance	drinking water	If results of the confirmation sample exceed the MAC, the responsible authorities should consider the following actions: notify communities and other appropriate authorities; issue a do not consume advisory; [...] consider treatment improvements, intake adjustments or use of an alternative supply as part of ongoing consultation and decision-making; communicate that the addition of algicides may be harmful, as this would release toxins from the cells, making them more difficult to remove; and continue monitoring the raw water and treated water supply.	If results of the confirmation sample exceed the MAC	high
#Q021	prohibition	health	recommended	Prohibition of Boil Water Advisories	drinking water	Boil water advisories should not be issued as a response to the detection of microcystins in water supplies;	In response to the detection of microcystins	high
#Q022	reporting	operational	recommended	Reporting When Confirmation Sample Passes MAC	drinking water	If results of the confirmation sample do not exceed the MAC, results should be sent to the communities and other appropriate authorities and agencies. Authorities and water providers should continue to visually monitor the source water for intensification of the existing bloom or bloom recurrence...	If results of the confirmation sample do not exceed the MAC	high
#Q023	monitoring	health	recommended	Visual Monitoring for Residential/Private Supplies	drinking water	The recommended approach for residential scale and private supplies is for owners or authorities to visually monitor the source waters during the peak season for evidence of increasing cyanobacterial cell density or bloom development.	During the peak season	high
#Q024	reporting	health	recommended	Private Supply Notification	drinking water	Owners of residential scale and private drinking water systems who suspect that their water has been contaminated with cyanobacteria should consult their local health authority as to whether a concern exists and what actions should be taken.	When owners suspect their water has been contaminated with cyanobacteria	high
#Q025	treatment	health	recommended	Consultation Before Residential Treatment System Installation	drinking water	It is recommended that a qualified person be consulted prior to selecting and installing a residential scale treatment system.	Prior to selecting and installing a residential scale treatment system	high
#Q026	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Use of Accredited Laboratory for Analysis	drinking water	For these reasons, microcystin analyses should be conducted by an accredited laboratory and/or water utilities should discuss in detail the methodology and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) of the laboratory selected to conduct the analyses.		high
#Q027	monitoring	operational	recommended	Amber Glass Bottles for Sample Collection	drinking water	In general, samples for microcystin analysis should be collected in amber glass bottles as microcystins have been shown to sorb to polypropylene		high
#Q028	monitoring	operational	recommended	Sample Preparation for Dissolved and Total Microcystins	drinking water	When treatment is needed for removal of microcystins, utilities also need to have an understanding of the amounts that are present in both the intracellular and dissolved (extracellular) forms. ... In this case, two samples should be taken, with one processed for total microcystin analysis and the other filtered in the laboratory or field and then analyzed for dissolved microcystins (extracellular).	When treatment is needed for removal of microcystins	high
#Q029	monitoring	operational	recommended	Filtration to Minimize Cell Damage	drinking water	Samples should be carefully filtered to minimize cell damage so that the microcystin concentration in the filtrate is representative of the dissolved fraction.	When filtering samples for dissolved microcystins analysis	high
#Q030	monitoring	operational	recommended	Treatment Plant Analysis Certification	drinking water	In cases where utilities choose to perform analyses at the treatment plant, it is recommended that the analyses be conducted by a well-trained technician or analyst and that duplicate samples be sent periodically to an accredited laboratory to confirm the on-site analyses.	When utilities choose to perform analyses at the treatment plant	high
#Q031	administrative	health	recommended	Consultation Prior to Intervention Measures	drinking water	Before implementing any intervention measure in a water supply, the appropriate authorities should be consulted to determine if permits or approvals are required.	Before implementing any intervention measure	high
#Q032	operational	treatment	recommended	Sludge Isolation During Bloom	drinking water	Therefore, during a cyanobacterial bloom, sludge and sludge supernatant should be isolated from the water treatment plant and supernatant should not be returned to the inlet of the plant.	During a cyanobacterial bloom	high
#Q033	operational	treatment	recommended	Filter-to-Waste Procedure	drinking water	Additionally, backwash water from the filters may contain cyanobacterial cells and/or dissolved microcystins; hence, filter-to-waste should be practised to prevent the reintroduction of cells and toxins into the treatment train.	During periods of high algal concentrations	high
#Q034	treatment	operational	mandatory	Treatment Optimization and Monitoring	drinking water	Utilities need to ensure that the treatment processes in place have been optimized for removal of both cyanobacterial cells and dissolved microcystins and that the appropriate monitoring is being conducted to ensure that adequate removal is occurring at each step in the treatment process.		high
#Q035	monitoring	operational	mandatory	Cell Lysis During Analysis	drinking water	it is important that analysis of treated water include cell lysis so that the total microcystin concentration is determined.		high
#Q036	design	treatment	recommended	Point of Entry Filtration Installation	drinking water	The first step should be the installation of a filtration system at the point of entry (POE) to the home to reduce the number of cyanobacterial cells that are present in water used for bathing and washing dishes. This POE filtration system should also be installed upstream of any disinfection that may already be present in the home treatment system (e.g., UV or chlorination).	When an individual household treats surface water containing a cyanobacterial bloom	high
#Q037	design	treatment	recommended	Point of Use Activated Carbon and RO Filtration	drinking water	The final filtration step should be a filter system installed at the point of use (POU) of drinking water—for example, before the kitchen faucet. This POU filtration system should include an activated carbon filter followed by an RO filter.	When an individual household treats surface water containing a cyanobacterial bloom	high
#Q038	treatment	health	recommended	Residential Treatment Device Certification	drinking water	Health Canada does not recommend specific brands of drinking water treatment devices, but it strongly recommends that consumers use devices that have been certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF International (NSF)/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) drinking water treatment unit standards.	When consumers select drinking water treatment devices	high
#Q039	monitoring	health	recommended	Residential Periodic Testing	drinking water	periodic testing should be conducted by an accredited laboratory on both the water entering the home and the finished water (at the POU) to verify that the treatment devices are effective. Consumers should request that the laboratory analyze for total microcystins, which includes both the microcystins that are within the cells of the cyanobacteria and the dissolved microcystins in the water.	For residential treatment systems	high
#Q040	operational	treatment	recommended	Maintenance of Residential Treatment Systems	drinking water	consumers should verify its expected longevity and replace the medium and service the system when required, as per the manufacturer's recommendations.	For activated carbon and RO systems	high
#Q041	administrative	operational	recommended	Cyanobacterial Bloom Action Plan	drinking water	an action plan should be established or updated prior to bloom season for systems using a surface water source that is or may be vulnerable to cyanobacterial blooms.	For systems using a surface water source vulnerable to blooms	high
#Q042	operational	operational	recommended	Monitor Training for Bloom Identification	drinking water	As accumulations of algae and pollen can be mistaken for cyanobacterial blooms, monitors should receive appropriate training to correctly identify blooms.		high
#Q043	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Finished Water Sampling Collection	drinking water	The water provider or authorities should collect samples of finished water in the treatment plant, after the water has undergone the final treatment step and prior to its entry into the distribution system. Samples should be collected, stored and transported following instructions from the analytical laboratory.	If signs of a bloom are detected	high
#Q044	monitoring	operational	recommended	Sample Storage and Transport	drinking water	In general, samples should be clearly labelled and kept cool (not frozen) and in the dark (e.g., in coolers) after collection and during transport.		high
#Q045	corrective_action	health	recommended	Do Not Consume Advisory and Alternatives	drinking water	The lead authority should issue a “Do not consume” advisory and notify communities and other appropriate agencies or authorities. If possible, an alternate source of drinking water (such as bottled water) should be identified. Dialysis treatment providers or units in the community should also be notified.	If total microcystin levels are confirmed to be above the guideline of 1.5 µg/L	high
#Q046	monitoring	health	recommended	Resampling Following Advisory	drinking water	Authorities and water providers should continue to resample and analyse the treated water until the concentration of total microcystins is confirmed to be at or below 1.5 µg/L.	When an advisory is issued	high
#Q047	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Treated Water Analytical Method Selection	drinking water	In general, laboratory enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), protein phosphatase inhibition assays (PPIA) or a physicochemical method such as liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) should be used to measure total microcystins in treated water.		high
#Q048	monitoring	reporting	guidance	Adda-specific ELISA Consideration	drinking water	Authorities may also wish to consider use of an Adda-specific ELISA system as this type of ELISA has been shown to provide a good representation of total microcystins		high
#Q049	administrative	operational	recommended	Response Consultation Requirement	drinking water	The degree of response to the presence of total microcystins should be discussed with the appropriate authorities (e.g., for system ownership, regulation and health) and will depend on a risk-based assessment of the significance and extent of the problem, taking into account the history and variability of the quality of the raw water supply and the documented effectiveness of the treatment process.		high
#Q050	monitoring	operational	recommended	Laboratory Coordination for Sampling	drinking water	Utilities should obtain specific instructions from the laboratory on sample collection, preservation and shipping.		high
#Q051	administrative	reporting	recommended	Laboratory Preparation Method Validation	drinking water	it is important for responsible authorities to ensure that laboratories are validating the methods chosen for sample preparation.		high
#Q052	operational	treatment	recommended	Algicide Use Discouragement	drinking water	the use of algicides to control blooms in drinking water source waters is discouraged.		high
#Q053	administrative	operational	recommended	Implementation Guidance Source	drinking water	Specific guidance related to the implementation of drinking water guidelines should be obtained from the appropriate drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction		high
#Q054	monitoring	operational	recommended	Site-Specific Monitoring Program Development	drinking water	Because the distribution of cyanobacteria affects the risk assessment, monitoring programs will be dependent on site-specific considerations and should be developed on a case-by-case basis.		high
#Q055	monitoring	operational	recommended	Sampling Frequency Determination Factors	drinking water	In order to determine an appropriate sampling frequency, the following factors should be considered: past frequency of occurrence of blooms and cyanotoxins in the water source or nearby water bodies; characteristics of the water body (size, depth, current/flow, thermal stratification) and changes in these characteristics (e.g., prolonged periods of stagnation or decreased water levels); distribution of cyanobacteria, particularly under bloom conditions, which is often patchy and variable over time during the day; source water quality (nutrient levels, turbidity, clarity); seasonal and weather influences (inside/outside peak bloom season, temperature, prevailing wind strength and direction, rainfall) and changes to these influences; noted changes (increases/decreases) in monitoring program elements (cell counts, pigments, such as phycocyanin and chlorophyll-a, toxins); and adequacy of treatment and capacity of the treatment plant to deal with cyanotoxins.		high
#Q056	monitoring	operational	mandatory	Finished Water Sample Quenching	drinking water	Studies have shown that certain microcystins are destroyed in the presence of chlorine and the use of quenchers is needed. However, care must be taken when adding quenchers to samples as Froscio et al. (2010) found that sodium thiosulphate, sodium sulfite and taurine all affected analysis using ELISA, whereas ascorbic acid did not affect the assay results.	When analyzing finished drinking water containing disinfectants	high
#Q057	administrative	reporting	mandatory	Authority Proficiency in Analytical Method Limitations	drinking water	it is important for responsible authorities to have an understanding of the cross-reactivity, sensitivity, matrix interferences, detection limits and reporting format of the type of ELISA system being used so that the limitations of the analytical results can be considered in the decision-making process.	When using ELISA methods for routine analysis	high
#Q058	treatment	treatment	recommended	Pre-change Coagulation Optimization	drinking water	it is recommended that the existing coagulation/flocculation processes be optimized before considering a change in coagulants during a cyanobacterial bloom (Newcombe et al., 2010).	During a cyanobacterial bloom before changing coagulants	high
#Q059	monitoring	treatment	mandatory	Bromate Potential Characterization	drinking water	Utilities should also be aware that the use of ozone may result in the formation of bromate and other DBPs. As such, characterization of the source water needs to be undertaken to ascertain the potential for bromate formation (Health Canada, 1998).	When using ozone for microcystin oxidation	high
#Q060	reporting	health	recommended	Infant Formula Advisory Duration	drinking water	The advice for bottle-fed infants should continue until microcystin levels are below 0.4 µg/L. ... authorities should continue to advise parents of infants of the approach to take when reconstituting infant formula, until microcystins are no longer detected in the treated water.	When total microcystins are detected in treated water above the reference value for infants	high
#Q061	monitoring	operational	recommended	Raw Water Measurement Requirements during Response	drinking water	Water providers or utilities should also collect raw water samples at this time to measure microcystins and cell counts and identify cyanobacteria species.	When signs of a bloom are detected and finished water samples are collected	high
#Q062	reporting	reporting	mandatory	Timely Detection Reporting	drinking water	When microcystins are detected in the treated water, it is important to ensure that appropriate agencies and contact people (identified in the action plan) are informed in a timely manner.	When microcystins are detected in treated water	high
#Q063	monitoring	operational	recommended	Pre-installation Water Testing for Private Systems	drinking water	Generally, before a treatment system is installed, the water should be tested to determine general water chemistry and to provide an estimate of the concentration of the contaminant to be removed.	Before a residential treatment system is installed	high
#Q064	corrective_action	operational	recommended	Treatment Adjustment Action	drinking water	Where feasible, appropriate actions should be taken to reduce microcystin levels in the treated water.	When microcystins are detected in the treated water	high
#Q065	treatment	operational	mandatory	Flocculation Mixing and Speed Optimization	drinking water	Sufficient mixing must be provided at the point of chemical addition to ensure rapid contact, and an appropriate mixing speed must be determined to optimize the flocculation process (Newcombe, 2009).	When removing cyanobacterial cells using coagulation and flocculation	high
#Q066	monitoring	operational	mandatory	Staggered Sampling for Performance Assessment	drinking water	If treatment performance is being assessed, then samples of raw and treated water need to be staggered to account for the residence time of water in the treatment plant.	If treatment performance is being assessed	high
#Q067	design	treatment	recommended	RO Activated Carbon Filter Component	drinking water	RO systems should include an activated carbon filter within the unit, or a separate activated carbon device can be purchased and installed before (upstream of) the RO unit.	For residential-scale RO systems	high
#Q068	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Method Comparison Conversion Requirement	drinking water	Direct comparison of ELISA and LC-MS/MS results are not recommended without a conversion of the LC-MS/MS data based on the cross-reactivity of the detected variants before summing the concentration of all of the variants (Loftin et al., 2008).	When comparing ELISA and LC-MS/MS results	high
#Q069	monitoring	operational	recommended	Visual Monitoring Timing Consideration	drinking water	When planning visual monitoring, it is important to consider that cyanobacteria may be mixed back into the water column during the day.		high
#Q070	treatment	operational	recommended	Coagulant and pH Optimization Jar Testing	drinking water	Operational procedure for optimizing cyanobacterial cell removal in conventional treatment plants using coagulation and flocculation.	When removing cyanobacterial cells using coagulation and flocculation	high
#Q071	administrative	operational	recommended	Early Analytical Laboratory Coordination	drinking water	It is recommended that water providers establish early contact with the analytical laboratory as part of the action plan in order to minimize the time required for sample analysis and management response.	As part of the action plan implementation	high
#Q072	operational	treatment	recommended	Frequent Filter Backwashing for Cell Breakthrough Prevention	drinking water	Frequent backwashing has been recommended to minimize the risk of breakthrough of cells into filtered water (Newcombe, 2009).	During periods of high algal concentrations	high
#Q073	administrative	health	mandatory	Natural Health Product Microcystin Tolerance Limits	other	In Canada, licensing of natural health products that contain cyanobacteria must adhere to a finished product tolerance limit of 0.02 µg MC-LR/kg body weight (bw) per day or a raw material tolerance limit of 1 part per million (ppm) (Health Canada, 2015).	For licensing of natural health products containing cyanobacteria	high
#Q074	treatment	operational	recommended	Jar Testing for Coagulation Optimization	drinking water	The appropriate coagulant and coagulation pH should be determined through jar testing, and tests should be carried out on waters with high algal concentrations to maximize cell removal.	When removing cyanobacterial cells using coagulation and flocculation	high
#Q075	administrative	operational	recommended	Action Plan Elements	drinking water	The action plan should: describe the sampling strategy (parameters, frequency, timing, locations) to be followed for the duration of the bloom with respect to both routine sampling and resampling when microcystins are detected; identify the analytical laboratory or laboratories that can do microcystin analysis; ensure that agreement(s) and protocol(s) are in place with lab(s) for receiving and processing samples in a timely manner, and for communicating results from the lab to the appropriate contact people; outline individual responsibilities for how samples will be collected and delivered to the laboratory; specify the method(s) of microcystin detection/analysis that can be used; identify the appropriate contact people to receive the results from the lab and who they must notify if microcystins are detected; identify which authority or authorities are responsible to decide further notifications and actions; identify which authority will take the lead role in notifying communities and other appropriate agencies or authorities; set out a communications plan describing the circumstances and target groups for notifications, including when an advisory is issued or rescinded; include sample communications products, such as messages, Qs &As and press releases, to deal with different situations (e.g., microcystins level above guideline, microcystins detected below guideline level but still of concern for infants) and to provide clear guidance to the public; and identify any corrective actions (e.g., treatment adjustments) and the triggers for such actions.	For systems using a surface water source vulnerable to blooms	high
#Q076	administrative	operational	mandatory	Local Trigger Decision Authority	drinking water	Any decisions concerning triggers for possible action based on cell counts or biovolume values are made at the local or provincial/territorial levels, taking into account site-specific knowledge.	When establishing triggers for action based on cell counts or biovolume	high
#Q077	monitoring	operational	guidance	Antimicrobial Preservative and Storage	drinking water	The addition of an antimicrobial preservative may be necessary, along with storage of samples in dark cold conditions.	When preserving raw and finished drinking water samples	high

P Quantitative Requirements (60)

Req ID	Category	Intent	Legal Status	Name	Subdomain(s)	Limit Type	Limit Value	Context	Conditions	Confidence
#P001	chemical	health	mandatory	total microcystins	drinking water	MAC	0.0015 mg/L	A seasonal maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 0.0015 mg/L (1.5 µg/L) is established for total microcystins in drinking water.	seasonal	high
#P002	chemical	health	mandatory	total microcystins	drinking water	MAC	1.5 µg/L	A seasonal maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 0.0015 mg/L (1.5 µg/L) is established for total microcystins in drinking water.	seasonal	high
#P003	chemical	health	recommended	total microcystins	drinking water	unknown	0.0004 mg/L	as a precautionary measure during a bloom event, when levels of total microcystins in treated water are detected above a reference value of 0.0004 mg/L (0.4 µg/L), drinking water authorities should inform the public in the affected area that an alternate suitable source of drinking water (such as bottled water) should be used to reconstitute infant formula.	during a bloom event for reconstituting infant formula	high
#P004	chemical	health	recommended	total microcystins	drinking water	unknown	0.4 µg/L	as a precautionary measure during a bloom event, when levels of total microcystins in treated water are detected above a reference value of 0.0004 mg/L (0.4 µg/L), drinking water authorities should inform the public in the affected area that an alternate suitable source of drinking water (such as bottled water) should be used to reconstitute infant formula.	during a bloom event for reconstituting infant formula	high
#P005	chemical	health	guideline	total microcystin-LR	drinking water	unknown	0.001 mg/L	The World Health Organization has established a provisional guideline value of 0.001 mg/L for total microcystin-LR.	International considerations (WHO)	high
#P006	chemical	health	guideline	total microcystins	drinking water	unknown	0.0013 mg/L	The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council established a guideline of 0.0013 mg/L for total microcystins in drinking water	International considerations (Australia)	high
#P007	chemical	health	guideline	microcystins	drinking water	unknown	0.0003 mg/L	The U.S. EPA has established short-term drinking water health advisories: For children less than six years old, the health advisories are 0.0003 mg/L for microcystins	For children less than six years old (US EPA)	high
#P008	chemical	health	guideline	cylindrospermopsin	drinking water	unknown	0.0007 mg/L	The U.S. EPA has established short-term drinking water health advisories: For children less than six years old... 0.0007 mg/L for cylindrospermopsin.	For children less than six years old (US EPA)	high
#P009	chemical	health	guideline	microcystins	drinking water	unknown	0.0016 mg/L	For the rest of the population, health advisories of 0.0016 mg/L for microcystins... were established.	For the rest of the population (US EPA)	high
#P010	chemical	health	guideline	cylindrospermopsin	drinking water	unknown	0.003 mg/L	For the rest of the population, health advisories of... 0.003 mg/L for cylindrospermopsin were established.	For the rest of the population (US EPA)	high
#P011	chemical	health	mandatory	MC-LR	other	unknown	0.02 µg/kg bw per day	In Canada, licensing of natural health products that contain cyanobacteria must adhere to a finished product tolerance limit of 0.02 µg MC-LR/kg body weight (bw) per day	natural health products	high
#P012	chemical	health	mandatory	MC-LR	other	unknown	1 ppm	or a raw material tolerance limit of 1 part per million (ppm)	natural health products raw material	high
#P013	chemical	treatment	mandatory	microcystins	drinking water	requirement	0.0003 mg/L	Protocol P477 requires testing of a device for the reduction of 0.004 mg/L of microcystins in the influent water down to 0.0003 mg/L in the treated water (NSF International, 2015).	NSF/ANSI Protocol P477 testing	high
#P014	chemical	health	guideline	total microcystins	drinking water	treatment_goal	0.056 µg/kg bw per day	A tolerable daily intake (TDI) from this study can be derived as follows: The TDI for microcystins is approximately 0.056 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day.	based on liver toxicity in rats (Heinze, 1999)	high
#P015	chemical	health	guideline	total microcystins	drinking water	treatment_goal	2 µg/L	The HBV for total microcystins is 2 micrograms per litre (rounded).	Health-based value (HBV)	high
#P016	chemical	health	mandatory	microcystins	drinking water	MAC	1 µg/L	The state of Ohio has established a maximum contaminant level of 1 µg/L for microcystins	Ohio drinking water regulations	high
#P017	chemical	health	guideline	anatoxin-a	drinking water	MAC	3 µg/L	the state of Oregon has established limits of 3 µg/L for anatoxin-a	Oregon state limits	high
#P018	chemical	health	guideline	cylindrospermopsin	drinking water	MAC	1 µg/L	Oregon has established limits of... 1 µg/L for cylindrospermopsin	Oregon state limits	high
#P019	chemical	health	guideline	saxitoxin	drinking water	MAC	3 µg/L	Oregon has established limits of... 3 µg/L for saxitoxin	Oregon state limits	high
#P020	chemical	health	guideline	microcystins	drinking water	MAC	1 µg/L	New Zealand has established provisional maximum acceptable values of 1 µg/L for microcystins (as MC-LRequiv)	New Zealand provisional maximum acceptable values	high
#P021	chemical	health	guideline	anatoxin-a	drinking water	MAC	6 µg/L	New Zealand has established provisional maximum acceptable values of... 6 µg/L for anatoxin-a	New Zealand provisional maximum acceptable values	high
#P022	chemical	health	guideline	anatoxin-a(s)	drinking water	unknown	1 µg/L	New Zealand has established provisional maximum acceptable values of 1 µg/L for anatoxin-a(s)	New Zealand provisional maximum acceptable values	high
#P023	chemical	health	guideline	homoanatoxin-a	drinking water	unknown	2 µg/L	New Zealand has established provisional maximum acceptable values of 2 µg/L for homoanatoxin-a	New Zealand provisional maximum acceptable values	high
#P024	chemical	health	guideline	nodularin	drinking water	unknown	1 µg/L	New Zealand has established provisional maximum acceptable values of 1 µg/L for nodularin	New Zealand provisional maximum acceptable values	high
#P025	chemical	health	guideline	saxitoxins	drinking water	unknown	3 µg/L	Non-regulatory health advisory levels of 1 μg/L and 3 μg/L were developed for cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins, respectively.	Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) advisory	high
#P026	chemical	treatment	recommended	microcystins (ELISA detection limit)	drinking water	requirement	<= 0.05 µg/L	When the potential presence of low levels (<0.4 µg/L) of microcystins needs to be determined, enhanced-sensitivity ELISA methods with detection limits equal to or below 0.05 µg/L may be necessary.	for determining potential presence of low levels (<0.4 µg/L)	high
#P027	chemical	health	guideline	Saxitoxin (New Zealand)	drinking water	MAC	3 µg/L	New Zealand has established provisional maximum acceptable values of ... 3 µg/L for saxitoxin (as equivalents) (Chorus, 2012).	New Zealand provisional maximum acceptable values	high
#P028	chemical	health	guideline	Cylindrospermopsin (New Zealand)	drinking water	MAC	1 µg/L	New Zealand has established provisional maximum acceptable values of ... 1 µg/L for cylindrospermopsin	New Zealand provisional maximum acceptable values	high
#P029	chemical	health	guidance	Cylindrospermopsin (Australia Advisory)	drinking water	unknown	1 µg/L	Non-regulatory health advisory levels of 1 μg/L and 3 μg/L were developed for cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins, respectively [by NHMRC].	Australian NHMRC non-regulatory health advisory	high
#P030	chemical	treatment	guideline	Microcystins (influent test concentration)	drinking water	requirement	0.004 mg/L	Protocol P477 requires testing of a device for the reduction of 0.004 mg/L of microcystins in the influent water	NSF/ANSI Protocol P477 testing specification	high
#P031	operational	operational	recommended	Free chlorine residual (operational)	drinking water	OG	0.5–1.5 mg/L	microcystins are efficiently oxidized if pH is maintained below 8, the chlorine dose is greater than 3 mg/L and 0.5–1.5 mg/L of free chlorine residual is present after 30 minutes of contact time	for efficient oxidation of microcystins	high
#P032	operational	operational	recommended	Chlorine dose (operational)	drinking water	OG	> 3 mg/L	microcystins are efficiently oxidized if pH is maintained below 8, the chlorine dose is greater than 3 mg/L and 0.5–1.5 mg/L of free chlorine residual is present after 30 minutes of contact time	for efficient oxidation of microcystins	high
#P033	operational	treatment	recommended	PAC dose (general recommendation)	drinking water	OG	20 mg/L	Newcombe et al. (2009) made a general recommendation that a PAC dose of 20 mg/L and a contact time of at least 45 minutes should be considered for removal of most dissolved microcystins	for removal of dissolved microcystins	high
#P034	operational	treatment	recommended	PAC contact time (general recommendation)	drinking water	OG	>= 45 minutes	Newcombe et al. (2009) made a general recommendation that a PAC dose of 20 mg/L and a contact time of at least 45 minutes should be considered	for removal of dissolved microcystins	high
#P035	design	operational	guidance	Water intake depth	drinking water	unknown	>= 6 m	An intake located at least 6 m below the water surface is less likely to be affected by cyanobacteria present in the water body.	to minimize intake of cyanobacteria during blooms	high
#P036	operational	treatment	guidance	pH (for efficient chlorine oxidation of microcystins)	drinking water	OG	< 8 pH units	microcystins are efficiently oxidized if pH is maintained below 8, the chlorine dose is greater than 3 mg/L and 0.5–1.5 mg/L of free chlorine residual is present after 30 minutes of contact time	for efficient chlorine oxidation of microcystins	high
#P037	operational	treatment	guidance	Chlorine contact time (for microcystin oxidation)	drinking water	OG	30 minutes	microcystins are efficiently oxidized if pH is maintained below 8, the chlorine dose is greater than 3 mg/L and 0.5–1.5 mg/L of free chlorine residual is present after 30 minutes of contact time	for efficient chlorine oxidation of microcystins	high
#P038	operational	treatment	guidance	Chlorine CT (for microcystin oxidation)	drinking water	OG	15–25 mg·min/L	For waters with a DOC of 5 mg/L and a microcystin concentration of 5 µg/L or less, CT values between 15 and 25 mg·min/L should be sufficient to achieve a treated water concentration below 1.0 µg/L.	for waters with DOC of 5 mg/L and microcystin <= 5 µg/L	high
#P039	operational	aesthetic	guidance	Potassium permanganate discoloration threshold	drinking water	AO	0.05 mg/L	Treatment plants considering potassium permanganate for oxidation of microcystins should be aware that permanganate can discolour water when it is present at concentrations in excess of 0.05 mg/L.	to avoid consumer complaints due to water discoloration	high
#P040	operational	treatment	guidance	PAC dose (for cylindrospermopsin removal)	drinking water	OG	33 mg/L	The results demonstrated that to remove 5 µg/L of cylindrospermopsin to less than 1 µg/L, a PAC dose of 33 mg/L and a contact time of 30 minutes would be required.	to remove 5 µg/L of cylindrospermopsin to < 1 µg/L	high
#P041	operational	treatment	guidance	PAC contact time (for cylindrospermopsin removal)	drinking water	OG	30 minutes	The results demonstrated that to remove 5 µg/L of cylindrospermopsin to less than 1 µg/L, a PAC dose of 33 mg/L and a contact time of 30 minutes would be required.	to remove 5 µg/L of cylindrospermopsin to < 1 µg/L	high
#P042	operational	treatment	guidance	Free chlorine residual (for cylindrospermopsin removal)	drinking water	OG	0.5 mg/L	Rodriguez et al. (2007a) found that maintaining a chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L with a 30-minute reaction time could completely degrade 60 µg/L of cylindrospermopsin.	to degrade 60 µg/L of cylindrospermopsin	high
#P043	operational	treatment	guidance	Chlorine contact time (for cylindrospermopsin removal)	drinking water	OG	30 minutes	Rodriguez et al. (2007a) found that maintaining a chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L with a 30-minute reaction time could completely degrade 60 µg/L of cylindrospermopsin.	to degrade 60 µg/L of cylindrospermopsin	high
#P044	design	treatment	guidance	Residential filter pore size	drinking water	OG	<= 1 µm	Based on the size of cyanobacteria, a filter with an absolute pore size of 1 µm or less will likely remove most cells, but this will depend on the type of cyanobacteria present in the water.	residential-scale point of entry (POE) filtration	high
#P045	chemical	health	mandatory	microcystins (Ohio MCL)	drinking water	MAC	1 µg/L	The state of Ohio has established a maximum contaminant level of 1 µg/L for microcystins	Ohio drinking water regulations	high
#P046	chemical	health	guideline	anatoxin-a (Oregon limit)	drinking water	MAC	3 µg/L	the state of Oregon has established limits of 3 µg/L for anatoxin-a	Oregon state limits	high
#P047	chemical	health	guideline	cylindrospermopsin (Oregon limit)	drinking water	MAC	1 µg/L	Oregon has established limits of... 1 µg/L for cylindrospermopsin	Oregon state limits	high
#P048	chemical	health	guideline	saxitoxin (Oregon limit)	drinking water	MAC	3 µg/L	Oregon has established limits of... 3 µg/L for saxitoxin	Oregon state limits	high
#P049	chemical	health	guidance	saxitoxins (Australia Advisory)	drinking water	unknown	3 µg/L	Non-regulatory health advisory levels of 1 μg/L and 3 μg/L were developed for cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins, respectively [by NHMRC].	Australian NHMRC non-regulatory health advisory	high
#P050	chemical	health	mandatory	microcystins (international standards)	drinking water	MAC	1 µg/L	Brazil, France and Spain, have also established drinking water standards of 1 µg/L, however, for all microcystins	standards in Brazil, France, and Spain	high
#P051	design	treatment	guidance	GAC empty bed contact time (EBCT)	drinking water	OG	> 10 minutes	Alvarez et al. (2010) demonstrated that, in most cases, the EBCT for GAC filter adsorbers needs to be greater than ten minutes to achieve adequate MC-LR removal	for adequate MC-LR removal in GAC filter adsorbers	high
#P052	chemical	health	guideline	total microcystins (HBV)	drinking water	treatment_goal	0.002 mg/L	An HBV of 0.002 mg/L (2 µg/L) can be calculated using Heinze (1999).	Health-based value (HBV)	high
#P053	chemical	health	guideline	microcystins (Oregon limit)	drinking water	MAC	1–12 µg/L	the state of Oregon has established limits of 3 µg/L for anatoxin-a, 1 µg/L for cylindrospermopsin, 1–12 µg/L (indicated as “to be determined”) for microcystins and 3 µg/L for saxitoxin.	Oregon state limits; range indicated as to be determined	high
#P054	chemical	health	guidance	total microcystins (Do Not Consume trigger)	drinking water	MAC	> 1.5 µg/L	If the resample confirms a concentration of total microcystins above the guideline of 1.5 µg/L, proceed to Box 9... issue a “Do not consume” advisory.	Confirmed treated water concentration exceeding guideline	high
#P055	chemical	health	recommended	total microcystins (Infant formula advice trigger)	drinking water	unknown	> 0.4 µg/L	as a precautionary approach where microcystins are detected in treated water above the reference value for infants of 0.4 µg/L, drinking water authorities should consider informing the public... that an alternate suitable source of drinking water... should be used to reconstitute infant formula.	Treated water detection above infant reference value	high
#P056	operational	operational	guidance	Visual monitoring interval	drinking water	requirement	1–2 weeks	The approach would require visual monitoring for evidence of bloom formation at regular intervals (one or two weeks).	During peak bloom season or susceptibility	high
#P057	chemical	treatment	recommended	microcystins (Analytical protocol threshold)	drinking water	requirement	> 0.15 µg/L	ELISA or PPIA could be used for the initial screening of samples, followed by HPLC-PDA or LC-MS/MS analysis on samples above the detection limit (approximately > 0.15 µg/L).	Trigger for secondary physicochemical analysis after initial screening	high
#P058	chemical	health	guideline	microcystins (US EPA child HA)	drinking water	unknown	0.0003 mg/L	For children less than six years old, the health advisories are 0.0003 mg/L for microcystins and 0.0007 mg/L for cylindrospermopsin.	Children less than six years old (US EPA)	high
#P059	chemical	health	guideline	cylindrospermopsin (US EPA child HA)	drinking water	unknown	0.0007 mg/L	For children less than six years old, the health advisories are 0.0003 mg/L for microcystins and 0.0007 mg/L for cylindrospermopsin.	Children less than six years old (US EPA)	high
#P060	chemical	health	mandatory	microcystins (International Standards - Singapore/Uruguay)	drinking water	MAC	1 µg/L	Drinking water standards for MC-LR ... have been set by other international jurisdictions, including the Czech Republic, Singapore and Uruguay ... 1 µg/L	Standards for microcystin-LR	high

D Definitions (135)

Req ID	Name	Context	Confidence
#D001	Total microcystins	Total microcystins is the sum of the measurable microcystin variants that are both dissolved in the water (extracellular) and bound within the cyanobacterial cells (intracellular).	high
#D002	ALP	alkaline phosphatase	high
#D003	ALS-PDC	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex	high
#D004	ALT	alanine aminotransferase	high
#D005	ANSI	American National Standards Institute	high
#D006	AOP	advanced oxidation process	high
#D007	APCI	atmospheric pressure chemical ionization	high
#D008	AST	aspartate aminotransferase	high
#D009	BMAA	beta-methylamino-L-alanine	high
#D010	bw	body weight	high
#D011	CI	confidence interval	high
#D012	CT	concentration x time	high
#D013	CYP	cytochrome P450	high
#D014	DAF	dissolved air flotation	high
#D015	DBP	disinfection by-product	high
#D016	DMBA	dimethylbenzanthracene	high
#D017	DMSO	dimethyl sulphoxide	high
#D018	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid	high
#D019	DOC	dissolved organic carbon	high
#D020	EBCT	empty bed contact time	high
#D021	ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	high
#D022	EPA	Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.)	high
#D023	equiv	equivalents	high
#D024	ERK	extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase	high
#D025	ESI	electrospray ionization	high
#D026	FSH	follicle stimulating hormone	high
#D027	GAC	granular activated carbon	high
#D028	GC	gas chromatography	high
#D029	GD	gestation day	high
#D030	GGT	gamma-glutamyltransferase	high
#D031	GnRH	gonadotropin-releasing hormone	high
#D032	GSH	glutathione	high
#D033	GST	glutathione S-transferase	high
#D034	HAA	haloacetic acid	high
#D035	HBV	health-based value	high
#D036	HPLC	high-performance liquid chromatography	high
#D037	HU	Hazen unit	high
#D038	IC50	median inhibitory concentration	high
#D039	ISO	International Organization for Standardization	high
#D040	LC	liquid chromatography	high
#D041	LCAT	lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase	high
#D042	LD50	median lethal dose	high
#D043	LDH	lactate dehydrogenase	high
#D044	LDTD	laser diode thermal desorption	high
#D045	LH	luteinizing hormone	high
#D046	LOAEL	lowest-observed-adverse-effect level	high
#D047	LOQ	limit of quantification	high
#D048	M	moles per litre (molar)	high
#D049	MAC	maximum acceptable concentration	high
#D050	MALDI	matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization	high
#D051	MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase	high
#D052	MC	microcystin variant (e.g., MC-LR, MC-LA, MC-YA, MC-RR, MC-YR)	high
#D053	MDL	method detection limit	high
#D054	MF	microfiltration	high
#D055	MMP	matrix metalloproteinase	high
#D056	MMPB	2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid	high
#D057	MRL	minimum reporting level	high
#D058	mRNA	messenger ribonucleic acid	high
#D059	MS/MS	tandem mass spectrometry	high
#D060	MTD	maximum tolerated dose	high
#D061	MWCO	molecular weight cut-off	high
#D062	NF	nanofiltration	high
#D063	NOAEL	no-observed-adverse-effect level	high
#D064	NOM	natural organic matter	high
#D065	NSF	NSF International	high
#D066	NTU	nephelometric turbidity unit	high
#D067	OATP	organic anion-transporter polypeptide	high
#D068	OR	odds ratio	high
#D069	PAC	powdered activated carbon	high
#D070	PCR	polymerase chain reaction	high
#D071	PND	postnatal day	high
#D072	POE	point of entry	high
#D073	POU	point of use	high
#D074	PP1	protein phosphatase 1	high
#D075	PP1c	protein phosphatase 1c	high
#D076	PP2A	protein phosphatase 2A	high
#D077	PPIA	protein phosphatase inhibition assay	high
#D078	ppm	part per million	high
#D079	QA	quality assurance	high
#D080	QC	quality control	high
#D081	PDA	photodiode array	high
#D082	PQL	practical quantitation level	high
#D083	RNA	ribonucleic acid	high
#D084	RO	reverse osmosis	high
#D085	ROS	reactive oxygen species	high
#D086	S9	9000 x g supernatant fraction from rat liver homogenate	high
#D087	SCC	Standards Council of Canada	high
#D088	SPE	solid-phase extraction	high
#D089	SRR	standardized rate ratio	high
#D090	TDI	tolerable daily intake	high
#D091	TEF	toxicity equivalency factor	high
#D092	THM	trihalomethane	high
#D093	THP	Tamm-Horsfal protein	high
#D094	TOC	total organic carbon	high
#D095	TOF	time of flight	high
#D096	TPA	O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate	high
#D097	UF	ultrafiltration	high
#D098	UPLC	ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography	high
#D099	UV	ultraviolet	high
#D100	Vis	visible	high
#D101	cyanobacterial bloom	large accumulation of cells recognized by the colouration from their pigments	high
#D102	planktonic cyanobacteria	those that live freely in the water column	high
#D103	Benthic cyanobacteria	those that grow on bottom surfaces	high
#D104	Adda group	unique amino acid side chain	high
#D105	alkaloids	a broad group of low to moderate molecular weight (< 1000 Da) compounds that contain ring structures and at least one carbon–nitrogen bond	high
#D106	akinetes	resting stages that can provide protection for the organism in unfavourable temperatures	high
#D107	biovolume estimates	calculated by obtaining reference values for cell volume for each of the species present and multiplying these by the corresponding cell numbers present as determined from cell counts	high
#D108	LOQ / MRL	indicate the lowest concentration of an analyte that can be determined with an acceptable level of accuracy and precision	high
#D109	MDL	represent the minimum concentration of an analyte that can be measured and reported with confidence that the concentration is greater than zero	high
#D110	acanthocytes	abnormal red blood cells characterized by a spiked external membrane	high
#D111	cyanobacteria	bacteria that have features in common with algae (they obtain energy through photosynthesis and are of similar size)	high
#D112	hepatotoxins	liver toxins	high
#D113	neurotoxins	nervous system toxins	high
#D114	dermatotoxins	skin toxins	high
#D115	irritant toxins	toxins that affect the skin and mucous membranes	high
#D116	Saxitoxins	a group of related toxins that include saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, the gonyautoxins and C-toxins	high
#D117	Cylindrospermopsin	a toxic alkaloid with a molecular weight of approximately 400 Da and a tricyclic ring structure as one of its identifying features	high
#D118	Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs)	complex molecules having toxic properties that are integral to the cell wall of all Gram-negative bacteria, including cyanobacteria	high
#D119	lag periods in microcystin biodegradation	the time between when microorganisms encounter the toxin and when breakdown begins	high
#D120	Microcystins	hepatotoxins that are generally regarded as the most important of the freshwater cyanotoxins owing to their stability and resilience to biological and chemical breakdown, their widespread occurrence and their potential to reach high concentrations in blooms and scums; functionally, they are inhibitors of the enzyme protein phosphatase, acting by disrupting the balance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the structures that give liver cells their shape.	high
#D121	anatoxins	neurotoxins that interfere with the activity of the nerve transmitter acetylcholine. This, in turn, affects the functioning of the nervous system by disrupting communication between nerves and muscle cells.	high
#D122	ALS-PDC	neurodegenerative disease with symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.	high
#D123	phycocyanin	the most common photosynthetic accessory pigment to chlorophyll, and the most specific pigment present in cyanobacteria cells	high
#D124	matrix effects	ion suppression or enhancement effects that can be difficult to control in field samples	high
#D125	THP	Tamm-Horsfal protein, the predominant mammalian protein in urine.	high
#D126	Intervention measures	actions intended to destroy an active bloom	high
#D127	Sonication	the use of ultrasonic sound waves to disrupt cyanobacterial cells	high
#D128	Lyngbyatoxins	dermatotoxins produced by the benthic marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula	high
#D129	Aplysiatoxins	another category of dermatatoxins produced by some types of cyanobacteria	high
#D130	2-MIB	2-methyl isoborneol	high
#D131	MERIS	Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer	high
#D132	LCMRL	lowest concentration MRL	high
#D133	MALDI-TOF-MS	matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry	high
#D134	LDTD-APCI-MS/MS	laser diode thermal desorption–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface coupled to tandem mass spectrometry	high
#D135	JNK	c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase	high