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Document ID ca-gcdwqgtd-2020-03-2 Title Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Escherichia coli URL http://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-guideline-technical-document-escherichia-coli.html Jurisdiction /ca Subdomain(s) Drinking Water, Water Quality Standards, Monitoring and Analytical Methods Language en Status completed Analyzed at 2026-03-19 07:45:59.184257+00:00 Relevance Defines drinking water standards, monitoring, and treatment for E. coli.

Q Qualitative Requirements (93)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Context Conditions Confidence
#Q001treatmenttreatmentrecommendedSurface Water Treatment Filtration and Disinfectiondrinking waterTreatment of surface water sources or GUDI should include adequate filtration (or technologies providing an equivalent log reduction credit) and disinfection.When treating surface water sources or groundwater under the direct influence of surface waters (GUDI)high
#Q002treatmenttreatmentrecommendedGroundwater Viral Reduction Targetdrinking waterTreatment of groundwater sources should include a minimum 4 log (99.99%) removal and/or inactivation of enteric viruses.When treating groundwater sourceshigh
#Q003operationaloperationalrecommendedMaintenance of Disinfectant Residualdrinking waterIn systems with a distribution system, a disinfectant residual should be maintained throughout the system at all times.In systems with a distribution systemhigh
#Q004monitoringoperationalrecommendedE. coli Treatment Plant Monitoring Frequencydrinking waterE. coli should be monitored at least weekly in water leaving a treatment plant.For municipal-scale drinking water supply systemshigh
#Q005monitoringoperationalrecommendedUse of Operational Indicators with E. coli Testsdrinking waterE. coli tests should be used in conjunction with other operational indicators, such as residual disinfectant and turbidity monitoring as part of a source-to-tap or water safety plan approach.During monitoring in water leaving the treatment planthigh
#Q006monitoringoperationalrecommendedDistribution and Storage Systems E. coli Monitoring Frequencydrinking waterIn municipal-scale distribution and storage systems, the number of samples collected for E. coli testing should reflect the size of the population being served, with a minimum of four samples per month.In municipal-scale distribution and storage systemshigh
#Q007monitoringoperationalrecommendedUse of Operational Indicators in Distribution Systemdrinking waterOperational indicators (e.g., disinfectant residual, pressure monitoring) should be used in conjunction with E. coli tests as part of a source-to-tap or water safety plan approach.Within water distribution and storage systemshigh
#Q008reportinghealthrecommendedNotification of E. coli Detectiondrinking waterIf E. coli is detected in a sample of drinking water from a municipal-scale drinking water system (i.e. water leaving a treatment plant, or in a distribution or storage system), the system owner/operator and the laboratory processing the samples should immediately notify the responsible authorities.If E. coli is detected in a samplehigh
#Q009corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedImmediate Corrective Actions Following Detectiondrinking waterThe system owner/operator should also: immediately resample and test the E. coli -positive site(s) and adjacent sites; conduct an assessment to ensure treatment barriers are operating correctly (this may include gathering information on water treatment performance and other operational monitoring data); and carry out any corrective actions necessary (See Section 3.1.4) in order to resume control or normal system operations.Upon detection of E. colihigh
#Q010corrective_actionhealthrecommendedIssuance of Boil Water Advisorydrinking waterIf resampling and testing confirm the presence of E. coli in drinking water, the system owner/operator should immediately issue a boil water advisory in consultation with the responsible authorities, and carry out the appropriate corrective actionsIf resampling and testing confirm the presence of E. colihigh
#Q011administrativehealthrecommendedCooperation in Surveillancedrinking waterThe owner/operator should also cooperate with the responsible authorities in any surveillance for possible waterborne disease outbreaks.Following detection and confirmation of E. colihigh
#Q012corrective_actionhealthrecommendedImmediate Advisory Trigger Conditionsdrinking waterA boil water advisory should be immediately issued where there is evidence of: a significant failure of a critical treatment barrier; or illness in the community that is suspected to be associated with drinking water.Where there is evidence of treatment barrier failure or suspected waterborne illnesshigh
#Q013corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedList of Appropriate Corrective Actionsdrinking waterIf resampling and testing confirms the presence of E. coli in drinking water, the owner/operator of the waterworks system should carry out appropriate corrective actions, which could include the following measures: Verify the integrity and the optimal operation of the treatment process. Verify the integrity of the distribution system. Verify that the required disinfectant residual is present throughout the distribution system. Increase disinfectant dosage, flush water mains, clean treated-water storage tanks (municipal reservoirs and domestic cisterns), and check for the presence of cross-connections and pressure losses.If resampling confirms presence of E. colihigh
#Q014monitoringoperationalrecommendedMinimum Resampling Locationsdrinking waterAt a minimum, one sample upstream and one downstream from the original sample site(s) plus the treated water from the treatment plant as it enters the distribution system should be tested.During corrective action resamplinghigh
#Q015administrativehealthguidanceConditions for Rescinding Boil Water Advisorydrinking waterOnce the appropriate corrective actions have been taken and only after a minimum of two consecutive sets of bacteriological samples, collected 24 hours apart, produce negative results, an E. coli -related boil water advisory may be rescinded.To rescind an E. coli-related boil water advisoryhigh
#Q016monitoringhealthrecommendedPrivate Well Routine Testingdrinking waterHomeowners with private wells should regularly test (at a minimum two times per year) their well for E. coli , ideally during these same at-risk times.For private wells in residential-scale drinking water systemshigh
#Q017monitoringhealthrecommendedTesting of New or Rehabilitated Wellsdrinking waterNew or rehabilitated wells should also be tested before their first use to confirm microbiological safety.Before first use of new or rehabilitated wellshigh
#Q018administrativeoperationalrecommendedCompliance with Authority Requirements for Residential Systemsdrinking waterResidential-scale systems that serve the public may be subject to regulatory or legislative requirements and should follow any actions specified by the responsible drinking water authority.For residential-scale systems serving the publichigh
#Q019reportinghealthrecommendedNotification of E. coli Detection in Residential Systemsdrinking waterIf E. coli is detected in a sample of drinking water from a residential-scale system that serves the public, the system owner/operator and the laboratory processing the samples should immediately notify the responsible authorities.If E. coli is detected in a residential-scale system serving the publichigh
#Q020monitoringoperationalrecommendedImmediate Resampling in Residential Systemsdrinking waterThe system owner/operator should also immediately resample and test the drinking water to confirm the presence of E. coli.Following an initial positive E. coli test in a residential-scale system serving the publichigh
#Q021corrective_actionhealthrecommendedPrivate Supply Advisory Actiondrinking waterIf E. coli is detected in a private drinking water supply, homeowners should also be advised to boil their drinking water or to use an alternative supply that is known to be safe; and to resample and test their drinking water to confirm the presence of E. coli.If E. coli is detected in a private drinking water supplyhigh
#Q022corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedCorrective Actions Upon Confirmation in Residential Systemsdrinking waterIf resampling confirms that the source is contaminated with E. coli , the system owner/operator should immediately carry out the appropriate corrective actions (see Section 3.2.3 and 3.2.4).If resampling confirms E. coli contaminationhigh
#Q023corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedFault Correction in Disinfected Suppliesdrinking waterThe first step, if it has not already been taken, is to evaluate the physical condition of the drinking water system as applicable... Any identified faults should be corrected.As part of corrective actions for disinfected supplieshigh
#Q024monitoringoperationalrecommendedVerification Resampling After Corrective Actionsdrinking waterAfter the necessary corrective actions have been taken, samples should be collected and tested for E. coli to confirm that the problem has been corrected.Following corrective actions in residential supplieshigh
#Q025corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedFault Evaluation in Undisinfected Wellsdrinking waterThe first step, if it has not already been taken, is to evaluate the condition of the well, well head, pump, plumbing, and surrounding area. Any identified faults should be corrected.As part of corrective actions for undisinfected wellshigh
#Q026corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedShock Chlorination and Flushing for Undisinfected Wellsdrinking waterIf the physical conditions are acceptable, then the following corrective actions should be carried out: Shock-chlorinate the well and plumbing system. Flush the system thoroughly and retest to confirm the absence of E. coli.If physical conditions are acceptable in an undisinfected well following contaminationhigh
#Q027monitoringoperationalrecommendedDelay of Confirmatory Testsdrinking waterConfirmatory tests should be delayed until either 48 hours after tests indicate the absence of a chlorine residual or five days have elapsed since the well was treated.Following shock-chlorination of a wellhigh
#Q028administrativehealthrecommendedConditions for Rescinding Boil Water Advisory for Residential Systemsdrinking waterOnce the appropriate corrective actions have been taken, an E. coli -related boil water advisory should be rescinded only after a minimum of two consecutive sets of samples, collected 24 hours apart, produce negative results.To rescind an E. coli-related boil water advisory for residential-scale systemshigh
#Q029monitoringoperationalrecommendedFollow-Up Testing Post-Contaminationdrinking waterAdditional tests should be taken after three to four months to ensure that the contamination has not recurred.Following the rescinding of a boil water advisory in residential systemshigh
#Q030administrativeoperationalrecommendedAnalysis Approval Requirementsdrinking waterAll analyses for E. coli should be carried out as directed by the responsible drinking water authority.high
#Q031administrativeoperationalrecommendedQuality Assurance Programdrinking waterTo ensure reliable results, a quality assurance program, which incorporates quality control practices, should be in place.During laboratory or in-house analysishigh
#Q032operationaloperationalrecommendedTest Kit Manufacturer Instructionsdrinking waterAnalyses conducted using test kits used should be performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.When analyses are conducted using test kitshigh
#Q033monitoringoperationalmandatoryRepresentative Sample Collection Proceduresdrinking waterProper procedures for collecting samples must be observed to ensure that the samples are representative of the water being examined.During sample collectionhigh
#Q034monitoringoperationalguidanceSample Location Selectiondrinking waterSample collectors are also advised to carefully choose sample locations, avoiding (or alternatively disinfecting) taps subject to external contamination (e.g., close to a sink bottom or the ground) and taps of questionable cleanlinessDuring sample collectionhigh
#Q035monitoringoperationalrecommendedSample Packing Instructionsdrinking waterGenerally, samples for microbiological testing should be packed with ice packs but protected from direct contact with them to prevent freezing.During sample packinghigh
#Q036monitoringoperationalrecommendedSample Transport Temperaturedrinking waterDuring transport, samples should be kept cool but unfrozen at temperatures between 4 and 10°CDuring transport of sampleshigh
#Q037monitoringoperationalrecommendedPrompt Sample Analysisdrinking waterTo avoid unpredictable changes in the bacterial numbers of the sample, E. coli samples should always be analyzed as soon as possible after collection.Following sample collectionhigh
#Q038monitoringoperationalrecommendedMaximum Holding Time Recommendationdrinking waterIdeally, for E. coli analysis of drinking water samples, the holding time between the collection of the sample and the beginning of its examination should not exceed 30 hoursBefore examination of sampleshigh
#Q039monitoringoperationalrecommendedAction Upon Sample Rejectiondrinking waterWhen a sample is rejected, it is recommended that utilities immediately collect and submit a resample from that test location.If a sample is rejected due to holding time requirementshigh
#Q040monitoringoperationalrecommendedSample Labellingdrinking waterSamples should be labelled according to the requirements specified by the responsible drinking water authority and the analytical laboratory.During sample handlinghigh
#Q041monitoringoperationalrecommendedSample Volume for Analysisdrinking waterTo obtain a reliable estimate of the number of E. coli in treated drinking water, a minimum volume of 100 mL of water should be analyzed.During E. coli analysishigh
#Q042monitoringoperationalrecommendedOperational and Verification Monitoring Parametersdrinking waterAs part of operational and verification monitoring in a drinking water quality management system using a source-to-tap or water safety plan approach, water leaving a treatment plant and within the distribution system should be tested at least weekly for E. coli and daily for disinfectant residual and turbidity.During routine operational and verification monitoringhigh
#Q043monitoringoperationalrecommendedIncreased Sampling Based on Populationdrinking waterThe number of samples for bacteriological testing should be increased in accordance with the size of the population served.When determining bacteriological testing frequencyhigh
#Q044monitoringoperationalrecommendedTesting of New or Rehabilitated Wells Before First Usedrinking waterNew or rehabilitated wells should also be sampled before their first use to confirm acceptable bacteriological quality.Before first use of a wellhigh
#Q045monitoringoperationalrecommendedConcurrent Disinfectant Residual Testingdrinking waterDisinfectant residual tests should be conducted when bacteriological samples are taken.When bacteriological samples are takenhigh
#Q046administrativeoperationalmandatoryApproval of Sampling Locationsdrinking waterIn municipal-scale systems, the location of sampling points must be selected or approved by the responsible drinking water authority.In municipal-scale systemshigh
#Q047monitoringoperationalrecommendedRepresentative Sample Sites Selectiondrinking waterSample sites should include the point of entry into the distribution system and points in the distribution systems that are representative of the quality of water supplied to the consumer.When selecting sample siteshigh
#Q048operationaloperationalrecommendedEvaluation of Subsurface Sourcesdrinking waterSubsurface sources should be evaluated to determine whether the supply is susceptible to contamination by enteric viruses and protozoa.For subsurface source supplieshigh
#Q049operationaltreatmentrecommendedDistribution System Disinfectant Residualdrinking waterIn systems with a distribution system, a disinfectant residual should be maintained at all times.In systems with a distribution systemhigh
#Q050operationaloperationalmandatoryProcess Control and Operator Trainingdrinking waterAdequate process control measures and operator training are also required to ensure the effective operation of treatment barriers at all timesTo ensure effective operation of treatment barriershigh
#Q051monitoringoperationalrecommendedDistribution System Operations and Maintenancedrinking waterWater quality in the distribution system should be regularly monitored (e.g., microbial indicators, disinfectant residual, turbidity, pH), operations/maintenance programs should be in place (e.g., water main cleaning, cross-connection control, asset management) and strict hygiene should be practiced during all water main construction, repair or maintenance to ensure drinking water is transported to the consumer with minimum loss of qualityFor distribution systemshigh
#Q052operationaltreatmentrecommendedOptimization for Chloramine Stabilitydrinking waterWhen chloramine is used as a residual disinfectant in drinking water distribution systems, treatment processes should be optimized for chloramine stability (Cl2:NH3 weight ratio of 4.5:1 – 5:1, pH > 8.0)When chloramine is used as a residual disinfectanthigh
#Q053operationaloperationalrecommendedPrivate Well Susceptibility Assessmentdrinking waterIn cases where an individual household obtains its drinking water from a private well, the susceptibility of the source to fecal contamination should be assessed.For individual households with private wellshigh
#Q054treatmenthealthrecommendedPoint-of-Use Device Deploymentdrinking waterBecause of the potential public health risks from the use of microbiologically-contaminated drinking water, if POU devices are used instead of a point-of-entry system, all points of water used for drinking, food and beverage preparation, hygiene or washing dishes should be equipped with point-of-use treatment devices.If POU devices are used instead of a POE systemhigh
#Q055treatmentoperationalrecommendedCertification of Hypochlorite Solutionsdrinking waterResidential-scale supplies that use liquid chlorine should use hypochlorite solutions that are certified as meeting NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60... and follow the handling and storage recommendations for hypochlorite...For residential-scale supplies using liquid chlorinehigh
#Q056treatmentoperationalrecommendedUV System Installation Constraintdrinking waterThey [UV systems certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 55 Class A] are not designed to treat wastewater or water contaminated with raw sewage and should be installed in visually clear water.When installing UV systems certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 55 Class Ahigh
#Q057monitoringoperationalrecommendedTesting Effectiveness of Treatment Devicesdrinking waterTo verify that the treatment device is effective, the system owner/operator or homeowner should periodically test both the water entering the treatment device and the treated water for E. coli and total coliforms using an accredited laboratory.To verify treatment device effectivenesshigh
#Q058operationaloperationalrecommendedMaintenance Schedule for Treatment Devicesdrinking waterConsumers should verify the expected longevity of the components in their treatment device according to the manufacturer's recommendations and establish a clearly defined maintenance schedule.For consumers using treatment deviceshigh
#Q059operationaloperationalrecommendedInspection and Servicing of Treatment Devicesdrinking waterTreatment devices should be inspected and serviced in accordance with the maintenance schedule and manufacturer's recommendations.For consumers using treatment deviceshigh
#Q060corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedDechlorination Consultationdrinking waterThe responsible authority should be consulted regarding the correct procedure for dechlorinating water being discharged into the environment.During corrective actions involving flushing water mains or cleaning tankshigh
#Q061administrativeoperationalrecommendedWell Construction Consultationdrinking waterThe responsible drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction should be consulted regarding their specific requirements for well construction and maintenance.For residential-scale systems and private wellshigh
#Q062monitoringoperationalrecommendedStorage Data Recordingdrinking waterWhen analysis will be delayed, it is particularly important to record the duration and temperature of storage, as this information should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results.When sample analysis is delayedhigh
#Q063designtreatmentrecommendedResidential Surface Water Restrictiondrinking waterIn general, surface water is not recommended as a residential-scale water supply unless it is properly filtered, disinfected and monitored for water quality.For residential-scale water supplieshigh
#Q064monitoringoperationalrecommendedEvent-based Sampling Considerationdrinking waterWater utilities should consider additional sampling during these events [spring runoff, storms or wastewater spills].During events that lead to changes in source water conditionshigh
#Q065administrativeoperationalrecommendedLaboratory Holding Time Protocol Discussiondrinking waterWater utilities should also discuss with the laboratory, the protocols for rejecting or analysing samples that exceed holding time specifications.Regarding sample holding time specificationshigh
#Q066administrativeoperationalrecommendedOnsite Testing Consultationdrinking waterWater utilities should first consult with the responsible drinking water authority about the acceptability of this practice [onsite testing with commercialized test methods] and any other requirements that may apply.When long holding times are anticipated and onsite testing is consideredhigh
#Q067monitoringoperationalrecommendedMulti-source Sampling Coveragedrinking waterIf the water supply is obtained from more than one source, the location of sampling sites should ensure that water from each source is periodically sampled.If the water supply is obtained from more than one sourcehigh
#Q068operationaltreatmentmandatoryTreatment Target Achievement Locationdrinking waterIt is essential that the removal and inactivation targets are achieved before drinking water reaches the first consumer in the distribution system.For municipal-scale treatment systemshigh
#Q069administrativeoperationalrecommendedConsultation on Analytical Method Selectiondrinking waterWhen purchasing laboratory services or selecting analytical methods for analysis to be performed in-house, water utilities should consult with the analytical laboratory or manufacturer on issues of method sensitivity, specificity and turnaround time.When purchasing laboratory services or selecting analytical methodshigh
#Q070operationaloperationalrecommendedLoose Ice Prohibitiondrinking waterPacking the sample with loose ice is not recommended as it may contaminate the sample.During sample packing and transporthigh
#Q071administrativeoperationalrecommendedTrucked Water Guidance Consultationdrinking waterSpecific guidance related to the operation, maintenance and monitoring requirements for trucked water systems and drinking water cisterns or storage tanks should be obtained from the responsible drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction.For trucked water systems and drinking water cisterns or storage tankshigh
#Q072reportinghealthguidanceDiscretionary Immediate Notification Triggerdrinking waterwhere E. coli contamination is detected in the first sampling—for example, E. coli -positive sample results from a single site, or from more than one location in the distribution system—the owner/operator or the responsible authority may decide to notify consumers immediately to boil their drinking water or use an alternative supply known to be safe and initiate corrective actions without waiting for confirmation.Where E. coli contamination is detected in the first samplinghigh
#Q073corrective_actionoperationalguidanceShock Chlorination for UV Systemsdrinking waterFor systems where the disinfection technology does not leave a disinfectant residual, such as ultraviolet (UV), it may be necessary to shock chlorinate the well and plumbing system.For systems where disinfection technology does not leave a residualhigh
#Q074monitoringoperationalguidanceAuthority-led Post-Advisory Monitoringdrinking waterAdditional water quality monitoring and actions may be required by the responsible drinking water authority.When rescinding a boil water advisoryhigh
#Q075monitoringoperationalguidanceGlucuronidase Enzyme Verification Methoddrinking waterE. coli confirmation can also be done by subjecting coliform-positive samples to media that tests for the β-D-glucuronidase enzymeWhen verification of a positive test result is requiredhigh
#Q076monitoringoperationalmandatoryTreatment Plant Testing Frequency Specificationdrinking waterThe required frequency for all testing at the treatment plant is specified by the responsible drinking water authority.For municipal-scale drinking water supply systemshigh
#Q077administrativeoperationalguidanceAuthority-Determined Post-Shock Practicedrinking waterFor residential-scale systems that serve the public, the responsible drinking water authority may determine acceptable practice [regarding retesting after shock chlorination].For residential-scale systems serving the public following shock chlorinationhigh
#Q078administrativeoperationalrecommendedConsultation with Authority for Specific Requirementsdrinking waterWater system owners should contact the appropriate drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction to confirm the specific requirements that apply to their system.When verifying the quality of treated drinking waterhigh
#Q079monitoringoperationalmandatoryDistribution System Monitoring Specificationdrinking waterThe frequency and sampling points for E. coli testing within distribution and storage systems will be specified and/or approved by the responsible drinking water authority.In municipal-scale distribution and storage systemshigh
#Q080monitoringoperationalmandatoryResidential System Frequency Determinationdrinking waterTesting frequencies for residential-scale systems are determined by the responsible drinking water authority in the affected jurisdictionFor residential-scale systemshigh
#Q081corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedWell Reconstruction or Replacement Considerationdrinking waterIf these factors cannot be identified or corrected, either an appropriate disinfection device or well reconstruction or replacement should be considered.If water remains contaminated after shock-chlorination in undisinfected wellshigh
#Q082monitoringoperationalrecommendedResidential Testing Frequency Timingdrinking waterTesting frequencies for residential-scale systems are determined by the responsible drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction, and should include times when the risk of contamination of the drinking water source is the greatest, for example, in early spring after the thaw, after an extended dry spell, or following heavy rains.When determining testing frequencies for residential-scale systemshigh
#Q083administrativehealthrecommendedResponsible Authority Advisory Dutydrinking waterThe responsible authority should advise the system owner/operator to boil the drinking water or to use an alternative supply that is known to be safe in the interim.If E. coli is detected in a sample from a residential-scale system serving the publichigh
#Q084operationaltreatmentrecommendedResidential Disinfection System Maintenancedrinking waterEnsure that the disinfection system is working properly and maintained according to manufacturer's instructions.As part of corrective actions for disinfected residential supplieshigh
#Q085monitoringoperationalrecommendedCorrective Action Monitoring Parametersdrinking waterTests performed should include those for E. coli, total coliforms (as a general indicator of microbiological quality and inadequate treatment) and operational monitoring parameters such as disinfectant residual and turbidity.During investigative and corrective action sampling in municipal systemshigh
#Q086corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedInvestigation of Problem and Prevention of Recurrencedrinking waterConduct an investigation to identify the problem and prevent its recurrence; this would include measuring raw water quality (e.g., bacteriology, turbidity, colour, natural organic matter, and conductivity) and variability.If resampling and testing confirms the presence of E. coli in drinking waterhigh
#Q087monitoringoperationalrecommendedFollow-up Sampling during Investigative Phasedrinking waterContinue selected sampling and testing (e.g., bacteriology, disinfectant residual, turbidity) of all identified sites during the investigative phase to confirm the extent of the problem and to verify the success of the corrective actions.During the investigation of E. coli contamination in municipal-scale systemshigh
#Q088corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedFlushing Technique Identification and Implementationdrinking waterIt is therefore important that water utilities identify and implement the most appropriate flushing technique for addressing the particular microbiological water quality issue of concern.When implementing flushing as a corrective action in response to fecal contaminationhigh
#Q089monitoringoperationalrecommendedSampling Following Extreme Weather Eventsdrinking waterWater utilities impacted by such events [extreme weather events] should consider conducting additional sampling during and/or following their occurrence.Following extreme weather events such as intense rainfall, flash floods, hurricanes, droughts and wildfireshigh
#Q090corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedDechlorination Consultation for Residential Disinfected Systemsdrinking waterThe responsible authority should be consulted regarding the correct procedure for dechlorinating water that may be discharged into the environment.During corrective actions for residential-scale disinfected supplieshigh
#Q091corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedDechlorination Consultation for Undisinfected Well Flushingdrinking waterThe responsible authority should also be consulted regarding the correct procedure for dechlorinating water that may be discharged to the environment.During flushing and retesting of undisinfected residential wellshigh
#Q092corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedDisinfectant Dosage and Storage Tank Cleaning for Residential Systemsdrinking waterIncrease the disinfectant dosage; flush the system thoroughly and clean treated water storage tanks and domestic cisterns.If physical conditions are acceptable in a contaminated disinfected residential systemhigh
#Q093corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedInvestigation of Persistent Residential Well Contaminationdrinking waterIf the water remains contaminated after shock-chlorination, further investigation into the factors likely contributing to the contamination should be carried out.If contamination persists in residential wells after initial corrective actionshigh

P Quantitative Requirements (51)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Limit Type Limit Value Context Conditions Confidence
#P001microbiologicalhealthmandatoryEscherichia colidrinking waterMAC0 per 100 mLThe maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for Escherichia coli in drinking water is none detectable per 100 mL.Applies to all treated and distributed drinking water.high
#P002designtreatmentguidelineenteric protozoadrinking watertreatment_goal>= 3 logSurface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface waters (GUDI) systems that meet the guidelines for enteric protozoa ... minimum 3 log removal and/or inactivationSurface water or GUDI sourceshigh
#P003designtreatmentguidelineenteric virusesdrinking watertreatment_goal>= 4 logminimum 4 log removal and/or inactivation of enteric virusesSurface water, GUDI, and groundwater sources determined to be susceptiblehigh
#P004operationaloperationalrecommendedMinimum Sample Volumedrinking waterrequirement>= 100 mLTo obtain a reliable estimate of the number of E. coli in treated drinking water, a minimum volume of 100 mL of water should be analyzed.high
#P005operationaloperationalrecommendedMaximum Holding Timedrinking waterrequirement<= 30 hoursIdeally, for E. coli analysis of drinking water samples, the holding time between the collection of the sample and the beginning of its examination should not exceed 30 hoursDuring transport, samples should be kept cool but unfrozen at temperatures between 4 and 10°C.high
#P006designtreatmentmandatoryClass A UV Dosedrinking waterrequirement>= 40 mJ/cm2UV systems certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 55 Class A are designed to deliver a UV dose that is at least equivalent to 40 mJ/cm2Residential-scale point-of-use or point-of-entry UV disinfection systems.high
#P007designtreatmentguidanceAdenovirus UV Dosedrinking waterrequirement186 mJ/cm2Some jurisdictions may require semi-public systems to provide a UV dose of 186 mJ/cm2 if adenovirus may be present (e.g., sewage influence).Semi-public systems where adenovirus/sewage influence is present.medium
#P008operationaloperationalmandatoryMonitoring Frequency - Water Leaving Treatment Plantdrinking waterrequirement>= 1 per weekE. coli should be monitored at least weekly in water leaving a treatment plant.Applies to municipal-scale systems.high
#P009operationaloperationalmandatoryMonitoring Frequency - Distribution and Storagedrinking waterrequirement>= 4 samples per monthIn municipal-scale distribution and storage systems, the number of samples collected for E. coli testing should reflect the size of the population being served, with a minimum of four samples per month.high
#P010operationaloperationalrecommendedPrivate Well Testing Frequencydrinking waterrequirement>= 2 per yearHomeowners with private wells should regularly test (at a minimum two times per year) their well for E. coli.Ideally during at-risk times such as spring thaw or after heavy rains.high
#P011operationaloperationalrecommendedSample Transport Temperaturedrinking waterrequirement4 to 10 °CDuring transport, samples should be kept cool but unfrozen at temperatures between 4 and 10°C.high
#P012operationaloperationalmandatoryRescinding Boil Water Advisory (Sampling Sets)drinking waterrequirement>= 2 consecutive setsOnce the appropriate corrective actions have been taken and only after a minimum of two consecutive sets of bacteriological samples... an E. coli-related boil water advisory may be rescinded.Samples must be collected 24 hours apart.high
#P013operationaloperationalmandatoryRescinding Boil Water Advisory (Sampling Interval)drinking waterrequirement24 hoursSamples collected 24 hours apart, produce negative results.high
#P014chemicaltreatmentrecommendedChloramine Stability Ratio (Cl2:NH3)drinking waterOG4.5:1 - 5:1 weight ratioWhen chloramine is used as a residual disinfectant... treatment processes should be optimized for chloramine stability (Cl2:NH3 weight ratio of 4.5:1 – 5:1).high
#P015chemicaltreatmentrecommendedChloramine Stability pHdrinking waterOG> 8.0 pHTreatment processes should be optimized for chloramine stability (pH > 8.0).high
#P016operationalreportingmandatoryMinimum Sampling Frequency (Population Up to 5000)drinking waterrequirement4 samples per monthRecommended minimum sampling frequency for E. coli testing of drinking water distribution systems.Population served up to 5000.high
#P017operationalreportingmandatoryMinimum Sampling Frequency (Population 5000-90000)drinking waterrequirement1 per 1000 persons per monthRecommended minimum sampling frequency for E. coli testing of drinking water distribution systems.Population served 5000–90 000.high
#P018operationalreportingmandatoryMinimum Sampling Frequency (Population 90000+)drinking waterrequirement90 + (1 per 10 000) persons per monthRecommended minimum sampling frequency for E. coli testing of drinking water distribution systems.Population served 90 000+.high
#P019designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log E. coli Inactivation (Free Chlorine)drinking waterrequirement0.034-0.05 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of E. coli at 5°C and pH 6-7.Temperature 5°C; pH 6–7high
#P020designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log E. coli Inactivation (Chloramines)drinking waterrequirement95-180 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of E. coli at 5°C and pH 8-9.Temperature 5°C; pH 8–9high
#P021designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log E. coli Inactivation (Chlorine Dioxide)drinking waterrequirement0.4-0.75 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of E. coli at 5°C and pH 6-7.Temperature 5°C; pH 6–7high
#P022designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log E. coli Inactivation (Ozone)drinking waterrequirement0.02 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of E. coli at 5°C and pH 6-7.Temperature 5°C; pH 6–7high
#P023designtreatmentguidanceUV Dose for 2-log E. coli Inactivationdrinking waterrequirement2.8-9 mJ/cm2UV light dose (mJ/cm2) required for 2 log inactivation of E. coli.high
#P024operationaloperationalrecommendedConfirmatory Test Delay after Shock-Chlorination (Chlorine Residual)drinking waterrequirement>= 48 hoursConfirmatory tests should be delayed until 48 hours after tests indicate the absence of a chlorine residual.After shock-chlorinating an undisinfected well.high
#P025operationaloperationalrecommendedConfirmatory Test Delay after Shock-Chlorination (Elapsed Time)drinking waterrequirement>= 5 daysConfirmatory tests should be delayed until five days have elapsed since the well was treated.Alternative to the 48-hour chlorine residual absence check after shock-chlorination.high
#P026operationaloperationalguidancePost-Advisory Recurrence Testing (Residential)drinking waterrequirement3 to 4 monthsAdditional tests should be taken after three to four months to ensure that the contamination has not recurred.After rescinding a boil water advisory for residential-scale systems.high
#P027designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log Giardia lamblia Inactivation (Free Chlorine)drinking waterrequirement70-99 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia at 5°C and pH 6–7.Temperature 5°C; pH 6–7high
#P028designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log Virus Inactivation (Free Chlorine)drinking waterrequirement0.01-12 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of Viruses at 5-15°C.Temperature 5-15°Chigh
#P029designtreatmentguidelineUV light dose for 3-log Cryptosporidium Inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal12 mJ/cm2Required dose for minimum 3 log removal and/or inactivation of enteric protozoa as specified in section 2.2.high
#P030designtreatmentguidelineUV light dose for 3-log Giardia Inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal11 mJ/cm2Required dose for minimum 3 log removal and/or inactivation of enteric protozoa as specified in section 2.2.high
#P031operationaloperationalrecommendedSuggested Analysis Timedrinking waterrequirement6-8 hoursWhere on-site facilities are available or when an accredited laboratory is within an acceptable travel distance, analysis of samples within 6-8 hours is suggested.Applies when facilities are available or close.high
#P032designtreatmentguidanceCT Value E. coli O157:H7 Inactivation (Free Chlorine)drinking waterrequirement< 0.3 mg·min/LLaboratory studies have demonstrated that a 2-4 log inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 can be achieved with CT values of < 0.3 mg·min/L for free chlorine.high
#P033designtreatmentguidanceLog Removal Rate (Conventional Filtration)drinking watertreatment_goal1.0-3.4 logReported log removal rates for indicator organisms (E. coli, total coliforms, enterococci).high
#P034designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log Giardia lamblia Inactivation (Chlorine Dioxide)drinking waterrequirement17 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia at 5°C.Temperature 5°Chigh
#P035designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log Giardia lamblia Inactivation (Ozone)drinking waterrequirement1.3 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia at 5°C.Temperature 5°Chigh
#P036designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log Virus Inactivation (Chlorine Dioxide)drinking waterrequirement0.17-6.7 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of Viruses at 5-15°C.Temperature 5-15°Chigh
#P037designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log Virus Inactivation (Ozone)drinking waterrequirement0.006-0.5 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of Viruses at 5-15°C.Temperature 5-15°Chigh
#P038designtreatmentguidanceUV Dose for 1-log Adenovirus Inactivationdrinking waterrequirement10-76 mJ/cm2UV light dose (mJ/cm2) required for 1 log inactivation of Adenovirus.high
#P039designtreatmentguidanceUV Dose for 4-log Adenovirus Inactivationdrinking waterrequirement51-261 mJ/cm2UV light dose (mJ/cm2) required for 4 log inactivation of Adenovirus.high
#P040designtreatmentguidanceLog Removal Rate (Direct Filtration)drinking watertreatment_goal0.8-3.3 logReported log removal rates for indicator organisms (E. coli, total coliforms, enterococci).high
#P041designtreatmentguidanceLog Removal Rate (Slow Sand Filtration)drinking watertreatment_goal1.2-4.8 logReported log removal rates for indicator organisms (E. coli, total coliforms, enterococci).high
#P042designtreatmentguidanceLog Removal Rate (Microfiltration)drinking watertreatment_goal<= 4.3 logReported log removal rates for indicator organisms (E. coli, total coliforms, enterococci).high
#P043designtreatmentguidanceLog Removal Rate (Ultrafiltration)drinking watertreatment_goal> 7 logReported log removal rates for indicator organisms (E. coli, total coliforms, enterococci).high
#P044designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log Giardia lamblia Inactivation (Chloramines)drinking waterrequirement1470 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia at 5°C and pH 8-9.Temperature 5°C; pH 8-9high
#P045designtreatmentguidanceCT Value for 2-log Virus Inactivation (Chloramines)drinking waterrequirement360-6476 mg·min/LCT values for 99% (2 log) inactivation of Viruses at 5-15°C.Temperature 5-15°C; pH 8-9high
#P046designtreatmentguidanceUV light dose for 2-log Rotavirus Inactivationdrinking waterrequirement14.8-26 mJ/cm2UV light dose (mJ/cm2) required for 2 log inactivation of Rotavirus.high
#P047designtreatmentguidanceUV light dose for 4-log Rotavirus Inactivationdrinking waterrequirement36-61 mJ/cm2UV light dose (mJ/cm2) required for 4 log inactivation of Rotavirus.high
#P048designtreatmentguidanceCT Value E. coli O157:H7 Inactivation (Monochloramine)drinking waterrequirement< 30 mg·min/LLaboratory studies have demonstrated that a 2-4 log inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 can be achieved with CT values of < 30 mg·min/L for monochloramine.high
#P049designtreatmentguidanceUV Dose for Inactivation (Pathogenic E. coli)drinking waterrequirement3-12.5 mJ/cm2In studies involving pathogenic E. coli strains, 2-6 log inactivation has been achieved with UV doses ranging from 3-12.5 mJ/cm2.high
#P050designtreatmentguidanceMinimum UV Transmittance (Semi-public Adenovirus UV Systems)drinking waterrequirement> 68 %UV systems, designed in accordance with the U.S. EPA UV Disinfection Guidance Manual, are commercially available to deliver 186 mJ/cm2 for supplies... >68% UV transmittance.Applies to systems requiring 186 mJ/cm2 dose (adenovirus presence).high
#P051designtreatmentguidanceMaximum Flow Rate (Semi-public Adenovirus UV Systems)drinking waterrequirement<= 24 U.S. gpmUV systems... are commercially available to deliver 186 mJ/cm2 for supplies up to 24 U.S. gpm.Applies to systems requiring 186 mJ/cm2 dose (adenovirus presence).high

D Definitions (30)

Req ID Category Name Context Confidence
#D001inactivationwhen describing microbial disinfection of drinking water, the term “inactivation” is used to indicate that the pathogen is non-infectious and unable to replicate in a suitable host, although it may still be present.high
#D002CT conceptthe product of “C” (the residual concentration of disinfectant, measured in mg/L) and “T” (the disinfectant contact time, measured in minutes) for a specific microorganism under defined conditions (e.g., temperature and pH).high
#D003IT conceptFor UV disinfection, the product of light intensity “I” (measured in mW/cm2 or W/m2) and time “T” (measured in seconds) results in a computed dose (fluence) in mJ/cm2 for a specific microorganism.high
#D004residential-scale water supply systemFor the purposes of this document, a residential-scale water supply system is defined as a system with a minimal or no distribution system that provides water to the public from a facility not connected to a municipal supply.high
#D005boil water advisoryFor the purpose of this document, the use of the term “boil water advisory” is taken to mean advice given to the public by the responsible authority in the affected jurisdiction to boil their water, regardless of whether this advice is precautionary or in response to an outbreak.high
#D006ANSIAmerican National Standards Institutehigh
#D007CFUcolony-forming unithigh
#D008CNPHICanadian Network for Public Health Intelligencehigh
#D009CTconcentration of disinfectant × contact timehigh
#D010E. coliEscherichia colihigh
#D011EUEuropean Unionhigh
#D012GUDIgroundwater under the direct influence of surface waterhigh
#D013MACmaximum acceptable concentrationhigh
#D014MCLmaximum contaminant level (U.S.)high
#D015MCLGmaximum contaminant level goal (U.S.)high
#D016NSFNSF Internationalhigh
#D017P-Apresence–absencehigh
#D018PCRpolymerase chain reactionhigh
#D019POEpoint-of-entryhigh
#D020POUpoint-of-usehigh
#D021ROreverse osmosishigh
#D022SCCStandards Council of Canadahigh
#D023U.S. EPAUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyhigh
#D024UVultraviolethigh
#D025VBNCviable but non-culturablehigh
#D026WHOWorld Health Organizationhigh
#D027Escherichia colia member of the coliform group of bacteria, part of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and described as a facultative anaerobic, Gram‑negative, non‑spore-forming, rod‑shaped bacterium.high
#D028viable but non-culturable (VBNC) statestate where they do not grow on laboratory media, but are otherwise alive and capable of resuscitation when conditions become favourablehigh
#D029T10 valuedetention time at which 90% of the water meets or exceeds the required contact time.high
#D030fluencecomputed dose in mJ/cm2high