| Req ID | Category | Intent | Legal Status | Name | Subdomain(s) | Context | Conditions | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #Q001 | administrative | unknown | recommended | Guidance Source for Implementation | drinking water | Note: Specific guidance related to the implementation of drinking water guidelines should be obtained from the appropriate drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction. | high | |
| #Q002 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Source Water Characterization | drinking water | Utilities should characterize their source water to determine the concentration of 1,4-dioxane. | high | |
| #Q003 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Semi-Annual Monitoring for Impacted Sources | drinking water | Semi-annual monitoring should be conducted for sources that are known to be impacted by industrial wastes, landfill leachate, wastewater effluent and/or sources that contain chlorinated solvents. | For sources known to be impacted by industrial wastes, landfill leachate, wastewater effluent and/or sources that contain chlorinated solvents | high |
| #Q004 | monitoring | operational | guidance | Reduced Monitoring Frequency | drinking water | Utilities with baseline data indicating that 1,4-dioxane is not present in source water may conduct less frequent monitoring. | When baseline data indicates 1,4-dioxane is not present in source water | high |
| #Q005 | design | treatment | recommended | Treatment System Design and Maintenance | drinking water | Therefore, these treatment systems should be carefully designed and maintained to ensure that they are effective for treating 1,4-dioxane. | When specific treatment processes are used to remove 1,4-dioxane | high |
| #Q006 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Compliance Monitoring for Treated Water | drinking water | When treatment is in place for 1,4-dioxane, compliance monitoring of the treated water should be conducted semi-annually and in conjunction with monitoring of the source water to confirm the efficacy of treatment. | When treatment is in place for 1,4-dioxane | high |
| #Q007 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Sample Collection Location | drinking water | Drinking water samples should be collected after treatment and prior to distribution (typically at the entry point to the distribution system). | high | |
| #Q008 | administrative | unknown | recommended | Verification of Analytical Methods | drinking water | The responsible authorities should discuss the method being used by the laboratory and ensure that the appropriate method detection limit (MDL) or MRL is being achieved in order to adequately assess whether 1,4-dioxane is below the MAC. | high | |
| #Q009 | design | treatment | recommended | Bench and Pilot-Scale Testing | drinking water | Bench- and pilot-scale testing prior to design and installation of a treatment system is recommended. | high | |
| #Q010 | treatment | treatment | mandatory | H2O2 Dose Optimization and Quenching | drinking water | Consideration needs to be given to optimizing the H2O2 dose and quenching the excess H2O2 following the AOP process, which is typically achieved using chemical additions (free chlorine, sulphur-based reducing agents) or GAC (U.S. EPA, 2011). | When using UV combined with H2O2 advanced oxidation systems | high |
| #Q011 | operational | operational | recommended | Understanding Source Water Chemistry for H2O2/O3 Systems | drinking water | Utilities considering H2O2/O3 for treatment of 1,4-dioxane should have a good understanding of the sources and concentration of bromide in their source waters and the seasonal variability of water quality parameters that may affect the formation of bromate or other disinfectant by-products (Health Canada, 2016). | When considering H2O2/O3 for treatment of 1,4-dioxane | high |
| #Q012 | treatment | treatment | mandatory | Excess H2O2 Quenching | drinking water | Quenching of excess H2O2 needs to be conducted at the end of the treatment process. | When using H2O2/O3 systems | high |
| #Q013 | treatment | treatment | recommended | Residential Treatment Device Recommendation | drinking water | Generally, it is not recommended that drinking water treatment devices be used to provide additional treatment to municipally treated water. | high | |
| #Q014 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Pre-installation Water Testing | drinking water | Before a treatment device is installed, the water should be tested to determine its general water chemistry and verify the presence and concentration of 1,4-dioxane. | Before installing a residential treatment device | high |
| #Q015 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Periodic Treatment Device Testing | drinking water | Periodic testing by an accredited laboratory should be conducted on both the water entering the treatment device and the finished water to verify that the treatment device is effective. | For installed residential treatment devices | high |
| #Q016 | operational | operational | mandatory | Device Maintenance and Replacement | drinking water | Devices can lose removal capacity through use and time and need to be maintained and/or replaced. | For residential treatment devices | high |
| #Q017 | administrative | unknown | recommended | Treatment Device Certification | drinking water | Health Canada does not recommend specific brands of drinking water treatment devices, but it strongly recommends that consumers use devices that have been certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF International (NSF)/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) drinking water treatment unit standards. | high | |
| #Q018 | administrative | unknown | mandatory | Certification Organization Accreditation | drinking water | Certification organizations provide assurance that a product conforms to applicable standards and must be accredited by the Standards Council of Canada (SCC). | high | |
| #Q019 | administrative | unknown | recommended | System Materials Certification | drinking water | consumers should ensure that the materials used to construct the system have been certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 61: Drinking Water System Components: Health Effects (NSF/ANSI, 2016). | For point-of-entry activated carbon systems | high |
| #Q020 | treatment | treatment | guidance | Influent Water Pretreatment | drinking water | A consumer may need to pretreat the influent water to reduce fouling and extend the service life of the membrane. | When using RO systems certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 58 | medium |
| Req ID | Category | Intent | Legal Status | Name | Subdomain(s) | Limit Type | Limit Value | Context | Conditions | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #P001 | chemical | health | guideline | 1,4-dioxane | drinking water | MAC | 0.050 mg/L | A maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 0.050 mg/L (50 µg/L) is proposed for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water. | high | |
| #P002 | chemical | health | guideline | 1,4-dioxane | drinking water | MAC | 50 µg/L | A maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 0.050 mg/L (50 µg/L) is proposed for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water. | high | |
| #P003 | chemical | health | guideline | 1,4-dioxane | drinking water | requirement | 0.05 mg/L | The World Health Organization (WHO, 2005) has established a guideline value of 0.05 mg/L | taking into consideration both cancer and non-cancer effects | high |
| #P004 | chemical | health | guidance | 1,4-dioxane | drinking water | requirement | 1 µg/L | The California EPA has also not set a maximum contaminant level but has a drinking water notification (CalEPA, 2014) level of 1 µg/L | high | |
| #P005 | chemical | reporting | mandatory | 1,4-dioxane | drinking water | requirement | 0.07 µg/L | This rule stipulates that using Method 522 an MRL of 0.07 µg/L must be achieved by the laboratories conducting the analyses | Under U.S. EPA UCMR 3 | high |
| #P006 | operational | reporting | guidance | 1,4-dioxane (EPA Method 522 MDL) | drinking water | requirement | 0.020 µg/L | The MDL for this method is 0.020 μg/L. | Using EPA Method 522 | high |
| #P007 | operational | reporting | guidance | 1,4-dioxane (EPA Method 541 LCMRL) | drinking water | requirement | 0.074 µg/L | The single laboratory LCMRL for this method is 0.074 μg/L | Using EPA Method 541 | high |
| #P008 | operational | reporting | guidance | 1,4-dioxane (EPA Method 8015C MDL) | drinking water | requirement | 15 µg/L | The MDLs are 15 μg/L and 12 µg/L for methods 8015C and 8260B, respectively | When azeotropic distillation is used for sample preparation | high |
| #P009 | operational | reporting | guidance | 1,4-dioxane (EPA Method 8260B MDL) | drinking water | requirement | 12 µg/L | The MDLs are 15 μg/L and 12 µg/L for methods 8015C and 8260B, respectively | When azeotropic distillation is used for sample preparation | high |
| #P010 | operational | operational | recommended | Source Water Monitoring Frequency | drinking water | requirement | 2 times per year | Semi-annual monitoring should be conducted for sources that are known to be impacted by industrial wastes, landfill leachate, wastewater effluent and/or sources that contain chlorinated solvents. | Sources impacted by industrial wastes, landfill leachate, wastewater, or chlorinated solvents | high |
| #P011 | operational | reporting | mandatory | Compliance Monitoring Frequency | drinking water | requirement | 2 times per year | When treatment is in place for 1,4-dioxane, compliance monitoring of the treated water should be conducted semi-annually and in conjunction with monitoring of the source water | When specific treatment is in place for 1,4-dioxane | high |
| #P012 | physical | aesthetic | guidance | Odour Threshold | drinking water | AO | 230 ppm | 1,4-dioxane has a reported odour threshold of 24 ppm in air and 230 ppm in water | high | |
| #P013 | physical | aesthetic | guidance | Odour Threshold (Air) | other | AO | 24 ppm | 1,4-dioxane has a reported odour threshold of 24 ppm in air and 230 ppm in water | high | |
| #P014 | operational | reporting | guidance | 1,4-dioxane (EPA Method 522 LCMRL - Lab 1) | drinking water | requirement | 0.036 µg/L | Two single laboratory LCMRLs of 0.036 μg/L and 0.047 μg/L were determined using this method and reagent water | Using EPA Method 522 | high |
| #P015 | operational | reporting | guidance | 1,4-dioxane (EPA Method 522 LCMRL - Lab 2) | drinking water | requirement | 0.047 µg/L | Two single laboratory LCMRLs of 0.036 μg/L and 0.047 μg/L were determined using this method and reagent water | Using EPA Method 522 | high |
| #P016 | unknown | health | guidance | Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 0.0054 mg/kg bw per day | The TDI for 1,4-dioxane is 0.0054 mg/kg bw per day. This is calculated by dividing the BMDL5 of 5.4 mg/kg bw per day by the uncertainty factor (UF) 1000. | Based on hepatocellular necrosis using combined incidence data from male and female rats | high |
| #P017 | unknown | health | guidance | Benchmark Dose Lower Limit (BMDL5) | drinking water | requirement | 5.4 mg/kg bw per day | The lower 95% confidence limit on the BMD for a 5% response (BMDL5) of 5.4 mg/kg bw per day for male and female rats combined... has been selected as the point-of-departure | Point-of-departure for calculation of the HBV | high |
| #P018 | operational | health | guidance | Default Allocation Factor (AF) | drinking water | requirement | 0.2 dimensionless | a default allocation factor for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water of 0.2 is justified. | high | |
| #P019 | operational | health | guidance | Average Adult Body Weight | drinking water | requirement | 70 kg | 70 kg is the average body weight of an adult; | high | |
| #P020 | operational | health | guidance | Total Daily Exposure Contribution from Drinking Water | drinking water | requirement | 1.5 L/day | 1.5 L/day is the total daily exposure contribution from drinking water for an adult. | high | |
| #P021 | unknown | health | guidance | Total Uncertainty Factor (UF) | drinking water | requirement | 1000 dimensionless | 1,000 is the uncertainty factor: x10 for interspecies variability, x10 for intraspecies variability and x10 for database deficiencies | high | |
| #P022 | operational | health | guidance | Multi-route Exposure Tier 1 Goal (L-eq) | drinking water | requirement | 0.15 L-eq | For dermal exposure, the tier 1 goal of 0.15 L-eq is associated with a skin permeability coefficient (Kp) for VOCs of 0.024 cm/h | high | |
| #P023 | operational | health | guidance | Skin Permeability Coefficient (Kp) Threshold | drinking water | requirement | 0.024 cm/h | the tier 1 goal of 0.15 L-eq is associated with a skin permeability coefficient (Kp) for VOCs of 0.024 cm/h | high | |
| #P024 | operational | health | guidance | Air to Water Concentration Ratio (Fair:water) Threshold | drinking water | requirement | 0.00063 ratio | the tier 1 goal of 0.15 L-eq is associated with an air to water concentration ratio (Fair:water) value of 0.00063 | high | |
| #P025 | operational | health | guidance | Exposure Assessment Ventilation Rate (Adult) | drinking water | requirement | 675 L/h | a ventilation rate of 675 L/h for adults, and an absorption fraction of 0.7. | high | |
| #P026 | operational | health | guidance | Exposure Assessment Absorption Fraction | drinking water | requirement | 0.7 fraction | a ventilation rate of 675 L/h for adults, and an absorption fraction of 0.7. | high | |
| #P027 | chemical | health | guidance | US EPA Reference Dose (RfD) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 0.03 mg/kg bw per day | The U.S. EPA has not established a maximum contaminant level for 1,4-dioxane. However, the agency used the results of the Kociba et al. (1974) study to derive a reference dose of 0.03 mg/kg bw per day. | Based on a NOAEL of 9.6 mg/kg bw per day for liver and kidney degeneration | high |
| #P028 | chemical | health | guidance | US EPA Oral Cancer Slope Factor | drinking water | requirement | 0.1 mg/kg bw per day | An oral cancer slope factor of 0.1 mg/kg bw per day was calculated using the linear multistage model for carcinogenesis, based on BMD modelling of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma in female BDF1 mice. | Based on benchmark response of 50% | high |
| #P029 | chemical | health | guidance | ATSDR Minimal Risk Level (MRL) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 0.1 mg/kg bw per day | ATSDR (2012) calculated a minimal risk level of 0.1 mg/kg bw per day, based on a NOAEL of 9.6 mg/kg bw per day for liver effects in male rats from the Kociba et al. (1974) study. | Based on liver effects in male rats | high |
| #P030 | chemical | health | mandatory | Food Additive Maximum Permitted 1,4-Dioxane Residue | drinking water | requirement | 10 mg/kg | The assessment assumed that 1,4-dioxane was present as an impurity in four permitted food additives (polysorbate 60, 65, and 80, and polyethylene glycol) at the maximum level permitted by the food-grade specifications (10 mg 1,4-dioxane per kg food additive). | Maximum level permitted by food-grade specifications | high |
| #P031 | design | treatment | guidance | H2O2/O3 Applied Ratio Range | drinking water | requirement | 0.2 - 3.0 ratio | The typically applied ratio of H2O2/O3 is between 0.2 and 3.0; it is a function of disinfection requirements, bromide concentration, contaminant concentration, and other water quality parameters. | Function of bromide, contaminant concentration, and disinfection requirements | high |
| #P032 | unknown | health | guideline | NOAEL (Hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis - Kociba study) | drinking water | requirement | 9.6 mg/kg bw per day | Hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis, and hyperplastic nodules were observed in male rats at doses of 94 mg/kg bw per day and above (LOAEL; NOAEL 9.6 mg/kg bw per day) (Kociba et al., 1974) | Based on a 2-year drinking water study in Sherman rats | high |
| #P033 | unknown | health | guideline | LOAEL (Hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis - Kociba study) | drinking water | requirement | 94 mg/kg bw per day | Hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis, and hyperplastic nodules were observed in male rats at doses of 94 mg/kg bw per day and above (LOAEL; NOAEL 9.6 mg/kg bw per day) (Kociba et al., 1974) | Based on a 2-year drinking water study in Sherman rats | high |
| #P034 | unknown | health | guideline | NOAEL (Spongiosis and hyperplasia - JBRC study) | drinking water | requirement | 11 mg/kg bw per day | spongiosis and hyperplasia of the liver were noted in male rats at 55 mg/kg bw per day and above (LOAEL; NOAEL 11 mg/kg bw per day) (Yamazaki et al., 1994; JBRC, 1998; Kano et al., 2009). | Based on a 2-year drinking water study in F344/DuCrj rats | high |
| #P035 | unknown | health | guideline | LOAEL (Spongiosis and hyperplasia - JBRC study) | drinking water | requirement | 55 mg/kg bw per day | spongiosis and hyperplasia of the liver were noted in male rats at 55 mg/kg bw per day and above (LOAEL; NOAEL 11 mg/kg bw per day) (Yamazaki et al., 1994; JBRC, 1998; Kano et al., 2009). | Based on a 2-year drinking water study in F344/DuCrj rats | high |
| #P036 | operational | reporting | mandatory | Public Consultation Period Duration | drinking water | requirement | 60 days | The document is being made available for a 60-day public consultation period. | Period ending November 9, 2018 | high |
| #P037 | chemical | health | guideline | WHO Cancer Risk Level | drinking water | requirement | 10^-5 dimensionless | The linear extrapolation employed a linearized multistage model for estimating cancer risk based on hepatic tumours in rats (Yamazaki et al., 1994) at a 10-5 cancer risk level | Used for linearized multistage model extrapolation | high |
| #P038 | chemical | health | guideline | WHO Cancer Risk Model Concentration | drinking water | requirement | 0.054 mg/L | which resulted in a value of 0.054 mg/L. | Calculated based on 10^-5 cancer risk level | high |
| #P039 | unknown | health | guidance | US EPA Uncertainty Factor (UF) | drinking water | requirement | 300 dimensionless | applying an uncertainty factor of 300 (10 each for inter- and intra-species variation and 3 for database deficiencies) | Used to derive US EPA reference dose of 0.03 mg/kg bw per day | high |
| #P040 | operational | health | guidance | Multi-route Exposure Duration | drinking water | requirement | 0.5 h | which is based on an exposure time of 0.5 h | Assumption for tier 1 multi-route exposure assessment | high |
| #P041 | operational | reporting | guidance | LCMRL Analytical Recovery Criteria | drinking water | requirement | 50 - 150 % | lowest concentration minimum reporting limit (LCMRL) as the lowest spiking concentration at which recovery of between 50% and 150% is expected | Definition of LCMRL accuracy | high |
| #P042 | operational | reporting | guidance | LCMRL Analytical Confidence Criteria | drinking water | requirement | 99 % | is expected 99% of the time by a single analyst. | Definition of LCMRL precision/probability | high |
| Req ID | Category | Name | Context | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #D001 | lowest concentration minimum reporting limit (LCMRL) | the lowest spiking concentration at which recovery of between 50% and 150% is expected 99% of the time by a single analyst | high | |
| #D002 | Electrical Energy per Order (EEO) | the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electrical energy required to reduce the concentration of a pollutant by one order of magnitude (90%) in one cubic meter of contaminated water. | high | |
| #D003 | AF | allocation factor | high | |
| #D004 | ALT | alanine aminotransferase | high | |
| #D005 | ANSI | American National Standards Institute | high | |
| #D006 | AOP | advanced oxidation process | high | |
| #D007 | AUC | area under the curve | high | |
| #D008 | BMD | benchmark dose | high | |
| #D009 | BMDL | lower confidence limit on the benchmark dose | high | |
| #D010 | BMDL5 | lower 95% confidence limit on the benchmark dose for a 5% response | high | |
| #D011 | bw | body weight | high | |
| #D012 | CYP | cytochrome P450 enzyme | high | |
| #D013 | DEN | diethylnitrosamine | high | |
| #D014 | DL | detection limit | high | |
| #D015 | EPA | Environmental Protection Agency (United States) | high | |
| #D016 | GAC | granular activated carbon | high | |
| #D017 | GC | gas chromatography | high | |
| #D018 | GGT | gamma-gluramyltransferase | high | |
| #D019 | HBV | health-based value | high | |
| #D020 | HEAA | β-hydroxyethoxy acetic acid | high | |
| #D021 | JBRC | Japan Bioassay Research Centre | high | |
| #D022 | LCMRL | lowest concentration minimum reporting limit | high | |
| #D023 | LOAEL | lowest-observable-adverse-effect level | high | |
| #D024 | MAC | maximum acceptable concentration | high | |
| #D025 | MDL | method detection limit | high | |
| #D026 | MRL | minimum reporting level | high | |
| #D027 | MS | mass spectrometry | high | |
| #D028 | NCI | National Cancer Institute | high | |
| #D029 | NOAEL | no-observed-adverse-effect level | high | |
| #D030 | NTP | National Toxicology Program | high | |
| #D031 | PBPK | physiologically-based pharmacokinetic | high | |
| #D032 | POE | point-of-entry | high | |
| #D033 | POU | point-of-use | high | |
| #D034 | RO | reverse osmosis | high | |
| #D035 | TCA | 1,1,1-trichloroethane | high | |
| #D036 | TCE | trichloroethylene | high | |
| #D037 | TDI | tolerable daily intake | high | |
| #D038 | TWA | time-weighted average | high | |
| #D039 | UCMR 3 | Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule | high | |
| #D040 | UV | ultraviolet | high | |
| #D041 | VOC | volatile organic compound | high | |
| #D042 | minimum reporting level (MRL) | the lowest concentration of an analyte that can be determined with an acceptable level of accuracy and precision | high | |
| #D043 | Fenton process | H2O2 and ferrous iron process | high | |
| #D044 | significant | contributes at least 10% of the drinking water consumption level (i.e., 10% of 1.5 L) | high | |
| #D045 | hydropic changes | reversible cellular swelling/vacuolar changes due to the inability to maintain ionic and fluid equilibrium | high | |
| #D046 | angiectasis | gross dilatation of blood vessels | high | |
| #D047 | labelling index | proportion of hepatocytes actively synthesizing DNA | high | |
| #D048 | L-eq | litre equivalents | high | |
| #D049 | Kp | skin permeability coefficient | high | |
| #D050 | Fair:water | air to water concentration ratio | high | |
| #D051 | Kow | log octanol-water partition coefficient | high | |
| #D052 | MWCO | molecular weight cut-off | high | |
| #D053 | peroxone process | process where H2O2 is added during the second stage of operation by injecting it into the second chamber of an O3 contactor | high | |
| #D054 | LPHO | low pressure high output (lamps) | high | |
| #D055 | H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide | high | |
| #D056 | O3 | ozone | high | |
| #D057 | CDW | Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water | high | |
| #D058 | 1,1-DCE | 1,1-dichloroethene | high | |
| #D059 | PET | polyethylene terephthalate | high | |
| #D060 | NPRI | National Pollutant Release Inventory | high | |
| #D061 | THF | tetrahydrofuran | high | |
| #D062 | TPA | 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate | high | |
| #D063 | PCE/NCE | polychromatic erythrocyte/ normochromatic erythrocyte | high | |
| #D064 | ISS | Instituto Superiore di Sanita | high | |
| #D065 | BMR | benchmark response | high | |
| #D066 | AIC | Akaike Information Criterion | high | |
| #D067 | UF | uncertainty factor | high | |
| #D068 | International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | classified 1,4-dioxane as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (group 2B) based on sufficient evidence in experimental animals and inadequate evidence in humans. | high | |
| #D069 | selected ion monitoring (SIM) | mass spectrometer operated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. | high | |
| #D070 | solid-phase extraction (SPE) | the most common sample preparation methods used to achieve reporting limits below 1 µg/L. | high | |
| #D071 | flame ionization detection (FID) | gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) | high | |
| #D072 | specific pathogen free (SPF) | male F344/DuCrj specific pathogen free (SPF) rats | high | |
| #D073 | diethylene glycol (DEG) | HEAA was the major metabolite in urine collected from rats injected with diethylene glycol (DEG) | high | |
| #D074 | computer automated structural evaluator (CASE) | structure activity method was also used to predict whether 1,4-dioxane would be a carcinogen in rats and mice and would be a non-genotoxic carcinogen | high | |
| #D075 | nanofiltration (NF) | RO and to a much lesser extent nanofiltration (NF) may be effective for 1,4-dioxane removal. | high | |
| #D076 | Standards Council of Canada (SCC) | accredited by the SCC to certify drinking water devices and materials as meeting NSF/ANSI standards | high | |
| #D077 | Bureau de normalisation du Québec (BNQ) | accredited by the SCC to certify drinking water devices and materials as meeting NSF/ANSI standards | high | |
| #D078 | International Association of Plumbing & Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) | accredited by the SCC to certify drinking water devices and materials as meeting NSF/ANSI standards | high | |
| #D079 | Water Security Agency (WSA) | The Water Security Agency (WSA) has reviewed the proposed guideline document for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water and supports the proposed MAC of 0.05 mg/L (50 µg/L). | high | |
| #D080 | Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | Toxicological review of 1,4-dioxane (with inhalation update) (CAS no. 123-91-1) in support of summary information on the integrated risk information system (IRIS). | high | |
| #D081 | D-1,4-dioxane | deuterated 1,4-dioxane | high | |
| #D082 | 1,4-dioxane | a cyclic ether with a molecular mass of 88.1 g/mol | high | |
| #D083 | Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) | include the use of appropriate combinations of chemical oxidants (e.g., O3, H2O2 and/or UV) to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which rapidly and non-selectively oxidize organic contaminants. | high | |
| #D084 | conventional filtration | coagulation, sedimentation and filtration | high | |
| #D085 | water treatment plants (WTPs) | water treatment plants | high | |
| #D086 | 1,4-dioxan-2-one | a synthesized metabolite of 1,4-dioxane | high |